According to BloombergNEF, the United States is on course to double its natural gas liquefaction (LNG) capacity by 2027. US export capacity is expected to rise to 169 million metric tons per year with the opening of 3 new projects slated for funding approval this year. They are- Venture Global’s Plaquemines LNG, Sempra’s Port Arthur LNG, and NextDecade’s Rio Grande LNG. This new capacity will place the US well ahead of Qatar in annual production.

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LNG should not be confused with LPG, Liquified Petroleum Gas. LPG is a mixture of the somewhat heavier hydrocarbons propane, propylene, butylene, isobutane and n-butane. LPG is a fuel gas and can be used as an aerosol propellant and refrigerant.

LNG is composed mainly of methane (CH₄) with a smaller amount of ethane (C₂H₆). Lesser amounts of propane and butane are isolated and sent to a separate stream. Natural gas is “sweetened” prior to cooling to remove corrosive hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbon dioxide (CO₂) gases as well as helium, mud, water, oil and mercury. Once the impurities are removed, the remaining methane/ethane mixture is cooled to −162 °C for bulk transport. On arrival at its destination, it must undergo a regasification process. In some locations seawater can be used to vaporize the LNG for injection into pipelines.

As an alternative to sea water heat transfer for regasification, LNG can be utilized for its “cold energy” potential. One application uses low temperature LNG as a refrigeration coolant for producing liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Another use of the cold energy is to cool the exhaust of a gas turbine in a closed joule cycle with argon as the fluid.

Since we are talking about gaseous hydrocarbons, there is also a category of liquid hydrocarbons called condensates that accompany the production of natural gas and must be channeled into a separate processing stream because, well, they are liquid. Raw natural gas straight out of the ground may have varying amounts of condensates-

• Crude oil wells can produce natural gas called associated gas and condensates may be entrained in the gas flow.
• Dry gas wells produce gas that have no associated liquids.
• Condensate wells produce natural gas with associate natural gas liquid.

Wikipedia explains the condensate situation in greater detail.