Author Archives: gaussling

About gaussling

Gaussling is a senior scientist in the chemical business. He occasionally breaks glassware, spreads confusion and has been known to generate new forms of hazardous waste. Gaussling also digs aerospace, geology, and community theatre.

What’s with Product Expiration Dates?

1 Reply

Being a dopamine addict with a persistent Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), I spend far too much time scrolling on social media. Today I ran into a thread about the shelf-life of American distilled liquors in Canada. It seems that the Canucks find themselves heavy with American distilled spirits after the decision to stop their sales in Canada.

The question was about the shelf life of distilled spirits, particularly Kentucky Whiskeys, etc. There is much hand wringing by Canadian liquor store owners in the frozen north. What are they to do with expired liquors which they have or will have in abundance?

Whiskey (or equivalently “Whisky”) is substantially comprised of ethanol and water. Flavor components include esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and other organic molecules. Distilled and concentrated ethanol, such as Everclear, is diluted to the desired proof and then stored in wooded barrels. The much-praised aging process is really about extracting flavor chemicals from the charred wood of the barrel.

Of copper and sulfur

The aggrandized folksy-woodsy wisdom of the distillers of whiskey is a trifle exaggerated. The use of copper stills is often trotted out to convince the public there is closely guarded secret knowledge in the production of whiskey. According to this link, the use of copper in distillation equipment early was largely due to the availability and ease of shaping and forming copper in the fabrication of distillation equipment. Additionally, copper has truly excellent heat conductivity which aids in both heating and cooling. Our friend, Mr Google, says that copper absorbs the sulfur fermentation components from the fermented mash. Well, copper and sulfur do have mutual attraction as evidenced in copper minerals and ores. It is reasonable to expect some amount of contamination of copper surfaces by sulfur containing components. On basic principles, with exposure to heat, air and sulfur, the copper surfaces can also be expected to be passivated eventually, reducing effectiveness in sulfur removal. To date I’ve heard nothing about this.

Back to regularly scheduled programming

The industry I spent most of my career was specialty chemicals. We used organic solvents exclusively. The word “organic” just means carbon-based. The question of shelf-life was rarely a riddle we needed to noodle through because of rapid turnover. We did take storage precautions with ethereal solvents because of the well-known peroxide hazard.

Some bacteria are aerobic, requiring oxygen to survive. Others may be strict anaerobes, growing only in the absence of oxygen. Others may be facultative meaning that they can grow with or without oxygen. Bacteria can be in a vegetative state meaning that they ae actively growing and reproducing cells. Some bacteria are spore forming meaning that they can enter a dormant state, reactivating when environmental conditions are right. In general, vegetative bacteria are active and spores are inactive. Vegetative bacteria can be killed with heat, chemicals or radiation. Spores are partially dehydrated and resistant to heat, chemicals or radiation.

Both the vegetative and spore forms of bacteria can reside in liquids, surfaces, on biological tissues or in suspended droplets in the air. Freshly pasteurized milk can be contaminated with bacteria only to start the growth cycle again. Such contamination can come from packaging equipment, empty packaging containers, or by sloppy handling by workers. In our plant, milk packaging was sanitized with a quick spray of hydrogen peroxide prior to filling. But hydrogen peroxide isn’t a universally potent sterilization food grade chemical. We once had bacterial contamination getting into our fluid milk after packaging. It puzzled everyone but me. At the time I was enrolled in undergraduate microbiology and was familiar with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This organism forms blue colored colonies and released a fruity, not unpleasant odor.

In the dairy lab, we routinely plated all products in agar petri dishes at 15 process minute intervals and incubated them. Suddenly that day we were finding green colored plates, but with the sweet P. aeruginosa odor. Then I realized that blue bacteria mixed in with yellow agar would appear green. I borrowed some specialized growth media from the university for clinching the identity and we nailed it: P. aeruginosa was only weakly pathogenic, limited to the sick and the elderly. We disposed of the contaminated stretch of the production run and sanitized very aggressively. This solved the problem. Better living through science. However, I quickly received a vigorous tongue lashing from the plant manager for using advice and specific growth media from my micro professor. Still, we solved the problem, haha.

Shelf-life or product expiration depends entirely on the particulars of any given substance. For instance, ethers in general may have a shorter shelf-life than hydrocarbons due to organic peroxide formation. This is especially true if the container has been opened and air exposure has occurred. Remember that peroxide quenching additives like BHT are stoichiometric in their function and may be consumed to exhaustion over time by air infiltration.

There is expiration due to microbial growth including bacteria, yeasts and mold, as well as chemical degradation of substances. Then there is expiration due to liability containment where a producer won’t guarantee quality indefinitely. Instead, the producer may use a tried-and-true in-house approach or SOP defining some arbitrarily chosen, rounded number period like 3 or 6 months, 1 year or longer. The food industry settles on freshness dates based on knowledge of their product aging data. Over time a food item may naturally become inedible or unattractive in appearance for several reasons. This is easier to measure.

Dairy product expiration

For instance, in the dairy processing plant all products had a labeled expiration date. Milk should be safe to drink up to 1-week past code date, but only if it hasn’t been allowed to warm to room temp (rt) by sitting out. The shelf-life dropped to about 1 day if it did warm to rt. Regular homogenized milk (homo) requiring refrigeration is not sterile. The ordinary short time, high temperature pasteurization process does not aim for zero viable bacteria. Milk labeled Ultra Pasteurized is sterile. Our rule of thumb at the time was that once the bacteria loading went past 2000 bacteria per milliliter of milk, an off flavor can be detected and the milk should be discarded, at least for matters of flavor. Bacterial infection and illness from milk is scarce today since pasteurization came into use.

Off flavored milk due to fermentation isn’t necessarily unsafe to consume. After all, look at yogurt and cheese. Both are accepted microbial fermentation products. Next time you see a picture of a dairy cow, have a close look at the location of the udders. They are hanging between the hind legs and close to the soil, next to the “glide path and splat” of falling manure. Cows kept in a barn or pen are forever walking in their own manure. This simple fact alone should justify pasteurization. But today, there is some movement to consuming non-pasteurized milk product. History has proven this to be unwise.

What I learned in the dairy lab analyzing milk products for quality control of products like skim, 1, 2, and 4 % homogenized fluid milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, juices, and novelty dairy-fat items was that making cheese is no great mystery. Cheese is inevitable. Let milk sit around at room temp and it will eventually turn into cheese and whey from naturally occurring microorganisms in the neighborhood. However, it is unlikely to taste good.

Chemical-based expiration

The aging of products by purely chemical transformations is quite different from microbial aging. Microbial aging involves uncontrolled, but self-limiting, growth rates of the microorganisms which follow an s-curve. The s-curve shows that microbial aging begins slowly but soon enters the “log phase” characterized by exponential population growth. The log phase doesn’t last forever, though. Soon population growth levels off as nutrients are consumed and general growth conditions deteriorate. The loss of further nutrients leads to eventual death of the colony.

Source: Wikipedia. The microbial growth curve.

Chemical aging is a kinetic phenomenon depending on initial concentrations, temperature, time, and a rate constant This means in principle that the chemical composition of the material can be predicted, extrapolated or interpolated mathematically. Microbial growth is a population change following a logarithmic growth curve leading to a population plateau. Here, the growth rate and the death rate become equivalent. Theoretical growth might approach an asymptote, given sufficient nutrients, removal of deleterious waste products and room to grow.

An asymptotic decay or growth curve means that the slope of the curve over time never flattens exactly to zero– only closer and closer –approaching some limit. It only approaches a maximum or minimum depending on the data being observed. Sometimes the loss of the product is followed by either the product concentration itself or by following the appearance of its decay product. Here, the sensitivity of the measuring equipment may come into play with detection limits. To deal with asymptotic decay or growth, a time constant (tau) is determined. Tau is useful in several contexts including radioactive decay and chemical change or decomposition.

In generalized chemical product decay, decomposition rates will depend on the decay mechanism. Is the decomposition dependent only on the initial concentration and the decay rate of a single component. This is first-order decay with dependence on the concentration of a single component, In regard to the shelf-life of a product, a single component product decays without interaction with other components. This kind of product quality loss would produce an asymptotic decay curve, approaching but never reaching some limit.

Whereas first-order decay depends on external factors like temperature and other product components, the zeroth-order decay of a radioactive source is independent of influences external to the nucleus. Radioactive decay produces beautiful decay curves.

Time constants.

When a substance or product (like a capacitor) produces an exponential decay curve, the line between acceptable quality and unacceptable must be drawn according to the business externality of specifications. In determining the shelf-life by chemical (or biochemical) decay/decomposition, because of the exponential nature of the decay process, the time constant of the property causing decay can be used to decide how long it takes to decompose down to some minimum acceptable level.

The short answer about time constants is the time it takes the quality indicator measurement to fall by 37%. I say quality indicator because the first-order decay of something may not actually be measurable easily and cheaply. The decaying component may have a large influence in some bulk property that determines the overall quality and marketability of the product. Good quality control requires the use of measurable and reliable indicators.

Source: Wikipedia. A decay curve showing time constant numbers vs decaying quantity.

For example, if the time constant of a material is 100 days, the remaining ~63 % after 100 days will decay by 37% in another 100 days and so on until you’ve gotten to some acceptable % levels, where acceptable in the business sense means above the level needed to drop out of specifications.

The decay of an isolated electrostatic charge follows an exponential curve according to a time constant. How many time constant periods must one wait for the static charge to decay to a safe level or near zero? The answer I’ve read for electrostatic charge is 5-time constants, tau Ď„. As can be seen below, 5Ď„ time periods takes you down to within 0.7 % of the theoretical result.

A Google search of a safe number of tau periods gave the numbers below.

  • 1Ď„: Reaches ~63.2% of final value (or drops to ~37%).
  • 2Ď„: Reaches ~86.5% of final value (or drops to ~13.5%).
  • 3Ď„: Reaches ~95% of final value (or drops to ~5%).
  • 4Ď„: Reaches ~98% of final value (or drops to ~2%).
  • 5Ď„: Reaches ~99.3% of final value (or drops to ~1%).

General Use: 5Ď„ (99% settled) is a common benchmark for “good enough”.

High Precision (ADCs, etc.): 8Ď„ or more ensures minimal error.

Specific Events: If you just need a quick response, 1-2Ď„ might suffice. 

A Google or other search on the topic of “time constants” will provide a proper mathematical justification of this value.

Determining shelf life with time constants

Following the percentages, barring other factors, a product shelf life of xτ where x is the number taking you to minimum acceptable decay/decomposition. Added on top of this may be company policy or requirements of the customers. If only a single τ takes the product below specs, then a producer may have to rethink the value of x or make better product.

/end/


The Hypotenuse of Life

2 Replies

In two-dimensional Euclidian geometry the shortest path between two points in a plane is a straight line. In a right triangle, one of the three internal angles, has an angle of 90o. The longest side is the hypotenuse connecting the ends of the other two legs. The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. It’s the Pythagorean Theorem.

Source: Cute cartoon from Reddit.

We know from high school geometry that the hypotenuse is the shortest distance between two points in a plane. This is exploited all the time on college campuses in a practical way. That would be walking across the grass in a direct line to class or lunch. The grounds keepers aren’t happy about it, but this was accepted long ago as an inevitability.

Source: University of Wisconsin Madison. Finding the “Desire Path” hypotenuse.

Stretching this axiom to the multidimensional realm of consciousness, the gap from the beginning of a thought to a conclusion could also be a kind of straight-line hypotenuse. But like walking on a hypotenuse across the grass, there are occasional fact and thought-obstacles that require a detour. Obstacles can be in the realm of physical reality or cultural norms and legality. Our consciousness must estimate the relative risk of one or more pathways. Align this with concessions to social norms and the law, we have the beginnings of a hairball.

My primate brain immediately searches for a conceptual hypotenuse when presented with a dilemma. What is the shortest and most efficient path to the best solution? First, one must define the current state and the desired end state. This is just old-fashioned gap analysis. What’s different is that thought processes are often clouded by mental illness and thoughts including conditioned response, preconceived notions, false or inaccurate information and personal animosity.

Any brainstorming session is really a hunt for a hypotenuse.

I’ve Been Scraped!

Leave a reply

Last week, this blog saw an unusual spike in traffic—roughly 350 visits higher than normal. Each visit appeared to be for a single post, with no clear theme among them. My best guess? An AI platform was scraping my content for something specific.

Suddenly, I feel a renewed sense of accountability for what I’ve written. What if—gasp—a sentence was inaccurate, or a sarcastic remark too obscure for most readers? The responsibility could be enormous! Think of the children!

The content choices lie somewhere between the bookends of accurate and complete fabrication. I’d rather be accused of being boring than being found in an untruth.

How does this mesh with my anonymity? Well, a handful of people know my identity and their respect is important to me. Eventually I will reveal my identity and suddenly the truth and accuracy (and spelling) of my 1700 posts will be forever connected to my real name. Skin in the game.

Howard!! Whatever shall I do??

Disclosure-

Very occasionally I will write some fictional content, and it should be apparent as fiction from both the content itself, and the key words attached to the post. The example would be my posts on the fictional Poltroon University in Guapo, Arizona. I do enjoy the occasional jab at the culture of higher education and the institution of science.

However, as a scientist in matters of physical reality, I am dedicated and eager to describe content as truthfully, accurately and mellifluously as possible. When I’m on one of my political jags, I’ll admit to some amount of enhanced emphasis where others have tread more carefully with the source material.

The reason I write and blog is to help me think ideas through. Somehow the act of scribbling down sentences followed by multiple passes in editing is helpful. At any given time I have 20 to 30 unfinished posts languishing in draft space. The open-air aspect of blogging is to assure that I have done my best lest public humiliation, scorn and derision should come my way. Not just in the present, but more so in the future. Writing is thinking. To put it bluntly, there is a fear of publishing something I would regret forever. Absolutely the worst thing I could do as a blogger and as a scientist would be to post indefensible or phony science. Posts with linked references are direct connections to what I view as credible content on the internet. The reader only has to click a link to verify a factual statement thing I made.

Howard!! Never mind.

Where does Russia go next?

Leave a reply

[Edited and Rewritten post.]

Many Western observers often imagine a future in which, after Putin’s departure, Russia evolves into a more open and cooperative nation. Wouldn’t it be appealing if Russia joined the global community of states that embrace free trade and safe tourism? This vision reflects our own ideals, making it easy to assume that Russia might share them—but history suggests the reality may be far more complex.

A review of Russian history from Tsar Nicholas II to the present reveals a persistent pattern of authoritarian governance. Although Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom in 1861 and introduced several liberal reforms, these changes faced strong resistance. Many reforms were ultimately reversed, as they diminished the power of the nobility, provoking significant opposition despite their positive perception in the West.

On March 31, 1881, Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in St Petersburg, Russia. His habit was to ride his carriage to a military roll call that day of the week. The route was along the Catherine Canal. An assassin threw a bomb under the horses and it exploded as the carriage rolled over it. The emperor’s carriage was bullet proof, a gift from Napolean III. Alexander exited the damaged carriage uninjured and paused to survey the scene. As he was doing this, a second assassin tossed another bomb at his feet which exploded, later killing him and killing and injuring many others in the vicinity. Afterwards a beautiful cathedral was built on this site called the Cathedral of the Savior on Blood.

Cathedral of the Savior on Blood. Included here only because it is a beautiful image. Image from Wikipedia.

Cathedral of the Savior on Blood. Included here only because it is a beautiful image. Image from Wikipedia. I was awestruck when I visited.

If you end up in Saint Petersburg, which I whole heartedly recommend, this cathedral is well worth a visit. It’s newer and, in my opinion, perhaps even more beautiful than the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow along Red Square,

Following Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication in 1917, a provisional government briefly assumed power before being overthrown by the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. The ensuing civil war ended with Bolshevik victory, elevating leaders such as Lenin, Trotsky, and Molotov. In November 1917, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), the Russian Soviet State declared itself a sovereign state.

The revolution triggered widespread unrest, with numerous factions pursuing divergent objectives. The Bolsheviks relied on the Red Army, while the White Army comprised former imperial officers and Ukrainian anarchists opposed Bolshevik control as well. Additionally, thirteen foreign powers—including Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire—intervened against the Bolsheviks.

In 1922, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ratified a constitution and formally established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), written in Cyrillic as CCCP.

Amid the turmoil of the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia ceded territories previously seized by Germany during World War I. The collapse of the Russian Empire sparked a protracted struggle among various ethnic groups and factions to reclaim land and assert authority. By 1923, the Russian Civil War had concluded.

Let me say that although the western block vigorously opposed the Soviet communism later in the Cold War, the break from monarchy by popular uprising to form the Federative Soviet Republic and later the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a remarkable achievement for that part of the world. To transition from a monarchy with serfdom to the USSR in ~60 years was a world-class achievement. The sad part was the rise of Stalinism and cementing in state authoritarianism as well as revolutionary expansion to global communism. Global socialism was an early goal of the Bolshevik leadership. Socialism was interpreted as a precursor to true communism.

So, why can’t they be like us? Because their history and cultural development never included exposure to free markets, private ownership, foreign travel and individual freedoms we in the west are accustomed to today. No Magna Carta setting limits on the power of the monarch and no parliament sharing power with the monarch. Russia did not participate in global travel as western European nations did which led to colonization and the extraction of wealth from their colonies producing gold, silver, spices, salt peter, slaves, etc. The wealth accumulation and theft of colonial resources set the pace for producing vibrant and wealthy countries in Europe, but not in many of the colonies. The American colonies are a famous exception.

Summary-

This summary only scratches the surface of the October Revolution and the subsequent civil war. For further detail, readers are encouraged to consult additional sources. The period was marked by extreme complexity and violence, resulting in an estimated 7–12 million deaths.

All of this Russian/Soviet history is meant to highlight that from the very beginning the Soviet state was born from the fire of violent conflict. The Soviet State prevailed in the end and many Soviet revolutionaries migrated into positions of power in the new USSR. It is difficult to believe that the leadership of the Bolshevik revolution and civil war were left unaffected by this conflict as they moved down the timeline building the USSR. It had to affect how they thought of power and how to keep it. Did this experience set the ball rolling for an centrally controlled authoritarian state? Was the tight control over the state emphasized by the early war experience? It is not just authoritarianism as offices and red tape, but it includes institutionalized paranoia and a lack of reluctance to use imprisonment and execution as tools of the state. The gulag system was built under Stalin. This brutal leader sent millions of people to the gulag system to labor. They weren’t executed outright because the state needed laborers to build the camps and to work on public works projects and build and operate factories. Starting in the 1930s, Stalin began to push for extensive industrialization all over the USSR. Agriculture in particular was industrialized, especially in Ukraine. This was behind the Ukrainian Holodomor of 1932-1933.

Given this history of conflict, authoritarianism, and systemic repression, it is unsurprising that Russia continues to exhibit traits of a closed and deeply security-conscious state,

Philomena and the Physicist

Leave a reply

One of my favorite YouTube characters is Philomena Cunk, otherwise known as Diane Morgan. She is a British humorist who deadpan parodies those fine British television programs where a host narrates the script and talks about history while visiting the actual locations of that history. Most programs are about well-established British history. The difference is that she is so uninformed that she can’t even ask good questions or come to reasonable answers. But this doesn’t stop her from asking questions to experts based on deeply faulty assumptions which she openly expresses. Philomena is able to ask these questions with a straight face and directly to a subject matter expert. A few are even hosts of their own programs. When the expert provides an answer to what they think Philomena is really asking, she usually expresses disbelief and moves on to the next question.

Case in point- In an interview with a well-known physicist and host of his own TV program, she asserted that we do not know how an airplane works and asked how that could be. The physicist looked puzzled, but as all with interviewees, he kept a straight face and tried to gently answer the question that should’ve been asked. The look of puzzlement on their faces is priceless.

The physicist’s initial reply was to answer with the comment that “we have equations …”. Realizing that using equations to brush off the question was not enough so he tried to do what he should have done in the first place- use the English language to describe qualitatively how a wing generates lift.

This struck me as emblematic of physicists. Go straight to equations to answer the question to the public. Physicists can be shameless reductionists. At least in my experience. Such a reference to the equations, even though rigorously correct, is a poor answer given to the non-physics world. The public and especially Philomena need a few succinct sentences with ordinary vocabulary, but without patronizing them.

Source: Facebook. Original image source unknown.

My suspicion is that nearly everything can be described at least qualitatively with the English language. This is my conclusion after having done public outreach for a few decades. To non-specialists, explaining equations can easily go sideways in the conversation. Equations are succinct expressions of relationships between quantities. If more detail is requested, then going to the whiteboard and easing into a fuller quantitative explanation with math and illustrations should be done.

Speaking for myself only, Philomena’s interviews cause me to immediately pop into cringe mode. Sometimes my cringing is so bad I become painfully embarrassed for the guest and I have to move on to a different channel. This is a general response for me when I see people innocently exposed to embarrassment. Searching for a polite answer while retaining a shred of dignity is difficult for many people.

Wherein I faintly Mock a Harvard Professor

Leave a reply

Ok, so there is this Harvard professor named Avi Loeb who attracts media attention with his suggestions that a new comet or asteroid may be an alien spaceship, especially if we’re sure that it is from outside our solar system. Any given new object arriving from “way out there” has the possibility of being made and operated by extraterrestrials. Yes, it is a remote possibility, but still non-zero.

What gets my attention is how his pronouncements of possible alien spaceships are leapt upon by media who publish and promote with breathless and fanciful headlines. Ok, media are in a 24 hour or less news cycle and feel the need obligation to publish a story with breathtaking headlines. Or at least the writer of the story intends it will attract the reader’s engagement,

Is the professor just looney or is there method to his madness? Perhaps his personal threshold for signal to noise ratios is set just a bit too low. I just don’t know.

With this, however, the ET credibility gap is bridged by the fact that a professor at Harvard University is making the statement. This affords instant credibility because, as we all know, God himself spends Thursday afternoons at Harvard and what is more sanctified than a tenured Harvard faculty member? In fairness, it must be said that God spends Thursday mornings across town at MIT, though half-assed claims of ETs are a bit rarer from there.

As Carl Sagan or someone else once said, incredible claims require incredible evidence. In this example, where was the incredible evidence? Extremely distant, small and faint objects detectable only in the visible part of the spectrum with very sensitive equipment tend to reveal only faint evidence. Even if some kind of signal can be discriminated, would aliens want to broadcast their appearance to the whole flippin’ solar system straight away?

For myself, if there were aliens strapped inside this object, the more interesting problem is how did they manage to cross interstellar space in a way consistent with sufficient fuel for their propulsion system and critical supplies?

My faint mockery of the Harvard professor is now complete. Time to move on.

Perhaps aliens have picked up our radio transmissions, remembering that TV transmission is also a kind of radio transmission. Amplitude modulated transmissions, AM, would be easiest to investigate since it is only a narrow carrier frequency that is modulated by wave amplitude.

A radio signal modulated in two ways- AM and FM. Source: Wikipedia.

Black and white television used AM for video and FM for sound. AM is the easiest to understand, but the FM signals are quite different. Frequency modulation, FM, takes a fixed carrier frequency and combines it with signal that is near the carrier frequency, but the frequency is modulated in a way that the sum of the carrier and sound frequencies combine in such a way that the combined carrier and sound signals produce peaks and valleys resulting from combining two signals of somewhat different frequencies. The peaks of the carrier frequency end up adding or subtracting with the other signal.

AM receiving equipment has difficulty discriminating between signal by variable amplitude noise. Lightning or other sources of radio frequency energy easily interfere with the clarity of the signal. If you have listened to an AM radio station in stormy weather, you know how interfering lightning can be.

FM, on the other hand, is from the addition of a set carrier frequency plus a variable frequency sound signal. Electrical mechanisms that produce RF noise generally do not produce an FM signal, thus the quiet sound of FM reception.

Interlacing raster scan lines on a TV screen. Alien receivers of TV signals would have to assemble images from an interlacing raster scan signal with a proper sweep frequency across the screen. Image: Wikipedia.

This is a superficial explanation of television. Television images of the Lucy show, or the Three Stooges received by aliens has been speculated on to our great amusement, but we should understand that a transmitted TV signal is generated taking into account of specifically how it will be read. On a monochrome TV receiver screen, the picture is produced by interlacing two half vertical images alternating every 60th of a second so a whole image is received by our retinas every 30th of a second exploiting our persistence of vision to prevent flickering images. Below 30 frames per second, the images begin to flicker. Aiding in this is the fact that the phosphors in the picture tube glow momentarily after the beam has passed. In order to produce images from a radio frequency signal, this method would first have to be recognized then a receiver built by the aliens to “decode” the signal. Also, the aliens would have to recognize that the analog information is visual in nature and presented as an interlaced raster scan on some kind of display. Misinterpretation of our signals as hostile in nature would be avoided, hopefully.

Ok, movie projection just for fun

The passage of movie film through a movie projector is at 24 frames per second but flickering is avoided by projecting each frame twice to give a frame rate of 48. The classic sound of a movie projector results from the advancing of each frame past the shutter, stopping the film momentarily while the shutter rotates in the light beam and shines light through the frame twice. Slack is built into the continuous flow of film through the projector using loops of film above and below the aperture and shutter to allow continuous movement of the film but also stopping for 1/24th of a second so that a steady image is projected twice per frame. The source of the flickering sound is in large part from the upper and lower loops jumping up and down every 1/24th of a second.

If only we’d ship reels of movie film to the aliens, they could better understand us. For starters, I’d suggest a recent Godzilla movie.

The essential parts of a movie projector. Note the loops above and below the shutter. Source: Smithsonian.

Cancer #4 for My Tumor Collection

Leave a reply

I’ve found that one of the best ways to think is to write. Writing is thinking. This is why I sink so much time into writing this damned blog: To think my way through questions. It seems to work, though my conclusions aren’t always right.

=================================================================

To date I have been diagnosed with basil cell cancer, two squamous cell cancers and prostate cancer. What I have learned is what others have said all along- cancer is often a long-term affliction rather than an immediate death sentence. I’m in remission 4 times over.

Most of the time it is hard to appreciate simple and routine activity. The pertinent example here is how, during the process of chewing and swallowing food, we shift food around in our mouths with our tongues and use other musculature we are ordinarily unaware of. This is true for solid food and liquids. Highly automatic activity that we rarely think about. Then one fine day we can lose much of our ability to chew and swallow. I recently had that fine day.

Aspects of chewing and swallowing are two parts of our anatomy rarely considered: The epiglottis and the uvula. Radiation has damaged a swath of tissues and neck surgery has disrupted nerves that control of these two throaty bits of tissue. In 2013 I had a cumulative radiation dose of about 50 Gray to my neck in 1.8 Gray doses over 4 weeks. The Gray is a unit equal to 1.0 Joule of energy absorbed in 1.0 kilogram of tissue. Your onco-doc will prescribe a daily and cumulative dosage to a specific 3-dimensional section of tissue. The damage to tissue that radiation produces is grossly similar to sunburn (which is also radiation damage), but to the entire volume the beam passes through.

A digression into radiation

The clever machine that delivers the therapeutic x-radiation is called an IMRT- Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy. It has an electron accelerator that slams high speed electrons into an angled copper target which causes the electrons to abruptly lose energy in the form of x-radiation. Prior to every treatment the tattoos on the patient are aligned with external laser beams and then an x-ray CT scanner mounted on the IMRT rotates around the patient lying on an adjustable table. This is to assure that the patient is properly placed for the IMRT to dose the desired volume yet limit the radiation dose to surrounding tissue.

What is the difference between x-radiation and gamma radiation? Gamma photons are much higher in energy and are ejected by the atomic nucleus. When the nucleus undergoes a transition from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, the conserved energy is ejected as a gamma photon. Often time when a nucleus undergoes a nuclear transition by particle emission or fission of the nucleus, the remaining nucleus is not at the lowest energy level possible and is metastable. Over time the nucleus can drop to the ground state energy, emitting a gamma photon. The gamma emission can be prompt or not.

X-rays result from an inner orbital electron being ejected by collisions with impinging outside electrons to leave a partially empty low energy orbital which is immediately refilled by upper level, higher energy electrons dropping to a lower energy orbital and conserving the energy change by emission of what we call an x-ray. There does not seem to be a sharp energy dividing line between x-rays and gamma rays.

The latest tumor

If you knew me anytime before September of this year, you’ll note that I spoke normally, absent slurs or other speech impediments. Today I speak with a distinct slur when attempting to speak certain sounds like s, ch, sh and words. I am as yet unable to lick my lips or stick out my tongue. You know that smacking sound you make while giving a short kiss? That’s gone too.

In August 2025 I was diagnosed with having a tumor on the left side of my tongue. Two years earlier what was to become a tumor was just a dysplasia and it was removed surgically. In September of this year, I had the tumor removed as a slice off the side of my tongue the width and thickness of a dime during a partial glossectomy procedure.

Another brief digression

In our college library during grad school, I would check the book carts to see if the book I sought hadn’t been shelved yet. One day while perusing the book cart I found a medical school text on maxillofacial surgery (1960’s). Being a curious person, I picked it up and thumbed through it. I was shocked and sickened to the point of hurling by what I saw. For the first time ever I had to run immediately to the restroom to vomit. Never again did I look into this topic.

The maxillofacial textbook detailed surgical techniques, the results of large-scale removal of large facial sections and underlying bone structures, and facial protheses. This often-left gaping, gruesome holes in the faces of patients, revealing parts of the anatomy never meant to be on display.

Circling back

So, imagine my dismay when, in 2013, I was diagnosed with stage 4 throat cancer. Then again 2 months ago I had another squamous cell tumor pop up on my tongue. Images of the maxillofacial textbook came back afresh. The throat cancer was HPV-induced and highly treatable but the tongue cancer was not, so they were not considered to be related.

My guess is that, of the 4 different cancers I have, the cancer that sends me into the crematory will likely be the stage 4 prostate cancer. My quest to remain above the grass will be at an end.

From all of this I have learned that swallowing difficulties with food inhalation can lead to pneumonia. My pneumonia wasn’t horrible, but it kills a lot of senior citizens. It’s been called something like the “the old man’s friend” since it can sometimes lead to a softer death.

The immediate effect that a cancer diagnosis has on most folks is to believe that you’re a dead-person-walking. Sometimes true, but not always. I’m in remission 4 times over. I’m always amused when at the dentist they put a radiation shield over me to get a low dose dental x-ray. Big whoop. A dose of 20 Gray all at once is considered to be an LD50 dose. Since 2013 I’ve absorbed over 100 Gray between 3 separate x-ray therapy treatments, two PET scans, and multiple CT scans too numerous to mention.

One final paragraph. While taking chemotherapy in 2013 for throat cancer, I spent 6 sessions in the infusion ward with cisplatin dripping into my vein. My chemo experience never had an adverse effect on me. However, each visit there were women a few seats away with breast cancer, presumably, getting their chemo. Often they were moaning and vomiting in heartbreaking discomfort. It was a picture of what some unfortunate folks have to endure, and I felt guilty about the ease with which I was receiving chemo. So far, I have been very, very lucky.

And so it goes.

Navigating the Rocky Coastlines of the Chemical Business

Leave a reply

[Note: Formerly named “PhD Chemists are freaks!!,” this essay has been renamed to better match the content.]

Preamble: Yes, yes, yes. Obviously, I’m aware that my experience in no way represents the careers of nearly all chemists. As usual, I drift into adjacent chemistry topics. Get your hands away from the keyboard and just read.

Bud (a pseudonym), a PhD chemist consultant and coworker, claimed that people with the exalted PhD degree were freaks of nature. Bud opined “Just look at us! Who goes to school for as long as we did and then ends up in a place like this?” I didn’t add at that moment that between a BA, PhD, 2-year postdoc and a stint in the professor trade, I was in academics for 16 years and walked away from it. Just then I couldn’t defend how smart it might have been to tread down this path only to end up in an old office trailer where we were sitting at that moment.

Bud used to argue that PhDs in general were freaks in society. Only a small fraction of undergrads will go on to grad school and fewer still complete a PhD program. The fraction is smaller yet in the general population.

In science you need a PhD in order to have even a hope of leading an R&D project, technical C-Suite corporate position, institute or professorship. The degree isn’t intended to resemble a trade, but rather to be a highly educated scholar and a subject matter expert with good communication skills and a sharp mind. If one is investigating for new phenomena, an intimate knowledge of known phenomena is needed to discriminate a finding. No awards for rediscovery.

Bud retired from a career at a big chemical corporation only to jump back into the hairball as a sales consultant for us in his retirement. I was a couple of years into what would be my major career “choice” and was managing the sales & marketing department then. Somehow, I had stumbled into the business side.

Our other sales consultant, the “Great Gondini”, retired from a photocopier company as a PhD chemist developing magnetic media, charge transfer agents and other xerographic-related materials. From his soapbox he advised us to-

Avoid being a chemist in a non-chemical-oriented company.

It’s not that non-chemical-company chemists couldn’t rise up the career ladder, but being in a niche subspecialty at a company that produced photocopiers was not the way to grow your career in chemistry. Often such a chemist may be the only chemistry PhD on site and is likely to suffer from professional isolation. Experience with project execution on time and on budget is a great way to rise in a company. Engineers frequently rise to top level positions because they understand technology AND quantitative economics.

The universe for a chemist is 2-dimensional- space vs time. For an engineer, the universe is 3-dimensional- space vs time vs costs. Who would you appoint to manage construction, install new process equipment or run your business?

I knew 2 BS/BA level chemists and 1 PhD level chemist who obtained MBAs. Their careers leapt into higher gear with their move to the business side. In business it is important for at least someone to understand how finance works in addition to the technology. Even graduating with a business minor might be helpful but not as much as an MBA. I got an A in ECON 101 but only I cared. Education in basic accounting is very helpful on the business side.

As I see it, some realities of being in industrial chemistry R&D.

In my organic-synthesis-oriented research group in grad school, the big dream was to get an R&D job in pharma R&D. Cool medicinal chemistry and a chance to help to cure disease for the benefit of mankind. It is an honorable and, if I may be permitted to say so, prestigious career as a pharmaceutical scientist. At least in the world of chemistry.

Since then, more than a few in my grad school cohort had been laid off by the pharma companies or joined another. A few have been laid off 3 times from what they believed were secure slots. Pharma companies, like most others, aren’t run by chemists for the most part. Quarterly EBITDA is a major driver for the board of directors. The C-Suites are packed with corporate and patent lawyers, retired CEOs, MBAs, Md/PhDs, CPA finance people and perhaps a PhD chemist heading up the R&D operation as a Director or Vice-President.

After all, the most important reaction in all of chemistry is transforming chemicals into money.

After my academic career and my short rotation through the polymer world, I ended up for 6 years in chemical sales and marketing which was limited by my personal geographic requirement of living in the mountainous western US. As my opinion of the pharma business matured, I discovered that, as a raw material vendor, to be ever so careful with pharma customer promises and purchase orders. Not because they are liars, but because many felt free to cancel orders even after bulk raw materials arrived and after our R&D effort to meet specs. Their interest in us was based on using our low bid to leverage another supplier on price. This is common actually and I have done it myself. They waved future business in our faces knowing that, probably, they would never send receive an invoice. Still, not unheard of. But the hassle and our wasted R&D and opportunity costs were especially galling. But we were a spot supplier and susceptible to such disruption. My company didn’t like to sign contracts at that time, so we always took the risk on spot buys. Spot sales gave us manufacturing flexibility as a custom chemical producer, but at the expense of uncertainty. Later, attracted by the same sweet songs of Lorali that led hapless sailors into the rocks, we would repeat this fool’s errand once more.

Off-topic advice

Always be certain that the qualification sample you ship to a potential customer is NOT the purest sample that R&D can produce. It must be representative of what the scaled-up process can deliver. Otherwise, you may be stuck having to reproduce lab results at larger scale which can be very problematic. They will often spec-out your product at the purity of the sample. Then you have to live with it or decline the business.

Back to our regularly scheduled programming

On one occasion a big pharma customer wanted a product delivered across the Atlantic to Ireland. Time and distance weren’t the issue, though. It would equilibrate and precipitate below about 15 oC on the transatlantic voyage, so we bought heated shipping containers and installed them in Ireland on a site that wasn’t afraid of the W (indicating a water-reactive hazard) on the hazard labels or the safety data sheets. Scheduling heated transport could be sketchy in fall, winter and spring because most were booked for shipping fruits and vegetables. So, a month into the campaign and after an encouraging site visit by two of us sales guys (Tipperary isn’t so far after all), I received a call saying that they had changed their process (!?) and that a competing European supplier was chosen to ship directly from the continent on demand and without the (our) expense of staging heated storage. Once a pharma company writes in each raw material into their drug filing, changing suppliers or a change in specifications requires the heavens to open up and thunder “make it so.” In the end, they reimbursed us for raw material costs only. &#$@%*&^!! This would happen again later but with a more difficult product to produce.

My early career path led me away from the fabulous pharma world and into undergraduate teaching, initially. The other group members achieved their goals of a pharma R&D position. While I spent the next 6 years in academia one way or another, my grad school colleagues were drawing big salaries with 401(k)s in well-equipped labs, but in locations on the US East Coast, Gulf Coast or Midwest- regions that I would never consider moving to. In the end, most buoyantly bobbled up the career ladder to become directors and vice-presidents of R&D or technology as their final positions. No disrespect, just envy.

Climbing the Career Ladder

A few talented chemist colleagues from grad school climbed up the corporate ladder without business training, learning what they need on the job. Most others, though, remained in the tech end. The reality of being a scientist in industry is that upward mobility in a large corporation very much depends on your improvements in job performance, profitability, volume or especially the successful execution of a capital project. But capital projects are normally given to engineers because they are trained to deal with the cost of the equipment and in the cost of operation.

In my experience, a BA/BS, MA/MS or PhD chemist can usually retire as a senior bench chemist, analyst or lab project leader managing bench chemists. If you enjoy lab work, this is it. By retirement you’ve already topped out on the salary scale and have put away a fair sum in the 401 (k). It is a good life for a great many. But for myself, my interest in bench work dropped from hot to tepid after my 2-year postdoc. I got into molecular modeling and dynamics as a postdoc and actually answered a vexing question about kinetic vs thermodynamic control in a reaction that gave contradictory results. Even got a JACS paper out of it. It was fascinating stuff, but it made me look away from straight synthetic chemistry long enough to appreciate computational and physical chemistry.

As a postdoc I used AMBER and SPARTAN, I did molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics to make a stab what was possibly the global minimum strain energy. Ring strain calculations were used as a coarse screen for potential comonomers for the ring-opening polymerization (OP) reaction we were hoping to commercialize. The homopolymer was amber colored, brittle and rattled when handled as film. The comonomer idea based on the notion that the homopolymer contained too much crystallinity. The glass transition temperature needed to be at least below room temp. Suppressing the crystallinity and retaining certain key properties along with biodegradability was crucial. Even worse, the proposed comonomer must participate in reactive extrusion with the original monomer and be available in commercial quantities at a low cost. Finally, the copolymer needed to be water white. The color spec was difficult to achieve.

Final Comments:

My comments in this essay are based on personal experiences in my world. Your world is almost certainly quite different.

I haven’t mentioned analytical chemists because their world continues to be overtaken by automated instrumentation that will calculate the results and put together a report for you. Sampling and wet chemistry are still hands-on operations as far as I can tell. But this is taken as a challenge to instrument makers who will try to engineer around the hands-on requirement to provide something that can be automated. In my world I see more employee turnover with BA/BS analytical chemists than with organic R&D chemists.

As far as employee turnover goes, analysts are under continuous pressure to produce results so that production can proceed or to get product out the door. With hundreds of raw mats, intermediates, and final products, each with their own standard test methods and specs, I certainly wouldn’t last long as an analytical chemist.

WTF MTG?

Leave a reply

Marjorie Taylor Green’s status as a GOP MAGA wingnut seems to be evolving. In fact, she has been having episodes of actual sensibility of late. What could have happened in her camp? Her open opposition to Trump is actually courageous for an elected Republican.

According to Global News, Greene said she was drawing a line on her agitational tactics on Sunday, saying America needs “a new path forward,” and for people “to come together and end all the toxic, dangerous rhetoric and divide.”

“I’m leading the way with my own example, and I hope that President Trump can do the same,” she said.

Perhaps she is having serious negative feedback on her wacky outspokenness from her district in Georgia? Or possibly the ghost of political future visited in the night to show the disastrous future of her politics for America. In any case, she has had a political Come-to-Jesus moment and is using the remainder of her term to reign in some of the MAGA madness.

Trump has refused to endorse her bid for the Georgia Senate seat and word is that she took it poorly. A cynical explanation would be that her change of heart could just be a public performance, but maybe not. Open opposition to Trump seems fatal to her career in the GOP.

I’ll offer that she should be given the benefit of the doubt in the sincerity of her transition to a lower state of rabid behavior. Especially since stepping away from #47 took courage and is likely irreversible.

So, hats off to MTG.

Problems with West Texas Intermediate Crude

Leave a reply

According to Argus there are problems with the processing of Permian West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil. Natural gas liquids, NGL, and additives are being blended upstream into WTI in an effort to boost profits in the face of low prices for crude oil. This is causing processing problems downstream. The problematic NGL component is butane.

The purpose behind adding NGLs is to lighten the WTI into a higher grade. Refineries not accustomed to receiving WTI that has been lightened with NGL are having problems with excessive light fractions that the refinery was not designed for. Crude enhanced with NGLs produce a higher output of light end yields, leading to production bottle necks. Further, the NGL enhanced crude is less dense and occupy more space in pipeline than does typical crude. As of the time of the report by Argus, is was unclear where the NGLs are coming from. NGLs are naturally found in crude oil.

Mercaptans are increasingly problematic, especially for export to countries with more stringent requirements for sulfur. Sulfur compounds are destructive to refinery operations and are subject to regulatory restrictions in some fuels like diesel and jet fuel.

Offshore US Gulf medium sour Mars refers to oil produced by a platform in the Gulf of Mexico and it serves as a benchmark for quality. Recently zinc contamination has been found in Mars crude stream. This has led to supply chain interruptions and refinery problems.