Author Archives: gaussling

About gaussling

Gaussling is a senior scientist in the chemical business. He occasionally breaks glassware, spreads confusion and has been known to generate new forms of hazardous waste. Gaussling also digs aerospace, geology, and community theatre.

National Aphorism Day, Redux

Sometimes I repost essays out of pure laziness and other times because the content seems apt. This one is from 7/7/07.

Below are a few quotations that patch together in a particular way.  

Here is a great quote lifted from the internet. With any luck it is accurate-

 “They lied to you. The Devil is not the Prince of Matter; the Devil is the arrogance of the spirit, faith without smile, truth that is never seized by doubt. The Devil is grim because he knows where he is going, and, in moving, he always returns whence he came.” (Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose)

Here is another good one-

“When a government is dependent upon bankers for money, they and not the leaders of the government control the situation, since the hand that gives is above the hand that takes. Money has no motherland; financiers are without patriotism and without decency; their sole object is gain.” (Napoleon Bonaparte)

And then there is this-

“Ask a Soviet engineer to design a pair of shoes and he’ll come up with something that looks like the boxes that the shoes came in; ask him to make something that will massacre Germans, and he turns into Thomas F–king Edison.” (Neal Stephenson, Cryptonomicon)

Neal Stephenson’s book, Cryptonomicon, is quite good though ponderously large.

Below is a comment from the notorious Uncle Al-

Uncle Al

Mediocrity is a vice of the doomed.

Beware any society that has grown comfortable within its ancestors’ nightmares.

To guarantee a good product, bill Customer Support costs to Design Engineering’s account.


“Freedom” said the policeman, and played baseball with his truncheon.

When swine vote, the man with the slop bucket is always elected swineherd(er) no matter how much slaughtering he does.

What is the foundation of American zero-goal education, corporate management, and government? Mud packs more tightly than jewels.

Social engineering: How easily we obtain what we do not want.

First ecstasy, then laundry.

Lost Capsule of Cs-137 Recovered in Western Australia

According to Reuters, a 6 mm diameter by 8 mm long capsule of radioactive Cesium-137 was lost along the 1400 km road between a storage facility in suburban Perth and Rio Tinto’s Gudai-Darri iron mine in the Kimberley region of western Australia. The source was lost sometime between January 12 and the 25th, 2023. The capsule had been attached to a piece of equipment in a crate but evidently vibrated loose in transport from a road train– a multi-trailer vehicle- and fell off. While the activity was not disclosed the source was described as one that “emits radiation equal to 10 X-rays per hour”.

On February 1, 2023, the source was reportedly located after a week-long search along the 1400 km road. It was discovered by a vehicle moving at 70 kph with special detection equipment.

US LNG output to double by 2027

According to BloombergNEF, the United States is on course to double its natural gas liquefaction (LNG) capacity by 2027. US export capacity is expected to rise to 169 million metric tons per year with the opening of 3 new projects slated for funding approval this year. They are- Venture Global’s Plaquemines LNG, Sempra’s Port Arthur LNG, and NextDecade’s Rio Grande LNG. This new capacity will place the US well ahead of Qatar in annual production.

Appendix

LNG should not be confused with LPG, Liquified Petroleum Gas. LPG is a mixture of the somewhat heavier hydrocarbons propane, propylene, butylene, isobutane and n-butane. LPG is a fuel gas and can be used as an aerosol propellant and refrigerant.

LNG is composed mainly of methane (CH4) with a smaller amount of ethane (C2H6). Lesser amounts of propane and butane are isolated and sent to a separate stream. Natural gas is “sweetened” prior to cooling to remove corrosive hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) gases as well as helium, mud, water, oil and mercury. Once the impurities are removed, the remaining methane/ethane mixture is cooled to −162 °C for bulk transport. On arrival at its destination, it must undergo a regasification process. In some locations seawater can be used to vaporize the LNG for injection into pipelines.

As an alternative to sea water heat transfer for regasification, LNG can be utilized for its “cold energy” potential. One application uses low temperature LNG as a refrigeration coolant for producing liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Another use of the cold energy is to cool the exhaust of a gas turbine in a closed joule cycle with argon as the fluid.

Since we are talking about gaseous hydrocarbons, there is also a category of liquid hydrocarbons called condensates that accompany the production of natural gas and must be channeled into a separate processing stream because, well, they are liquid. Raw natural gas straight out of the ground may have varying amounts of condensates-

  • Crude oil wells can produce natural gas called associated gas and condensates may be entrained in the gas flow.
  • Dry gas wells produce gas that have no associated liquids.
  • Condensate wells produce natural gas with associate natural gas liquid.

Wikipedia explains the condensate situation in greater detail.

Furious Russians on Television

In following the savage Putin war against Ukraine I have become partial to watching short video’s on TVP’s Military Mind via YouTube. TVP is Polish public television. They have unique and up to date war footage and coverage every episode. The war footage they get is mostly drone or smart phone in origin and is pretty rough but it gives a sense of what it is like on the ground. If you are expecting politically balanced war reporting, this is not the place to get it. This Polish station is clearly wary of Russia, or Putin at least, and it’s geopolitical intentions.

Recently there was a particularly disturbing clip on TVP taken from a Russian television show called The Evening With Vladimir Solovyov . Solovyov is a state television mouthpiece for Putin. The format has guests standing at widely separated podiums and taking turns venting their sometimes murderous outrage. In it was a guest named Yevgeny Satanovsky who is President of the Institute of the Middle East who gave a very calm and matter-of-fact opinion on how to deal with their true enemies, the Americans. Russian TV has been startingly vocal about their perception of the “American threat” and what we deserve for standing up against them. From the Daily Beast article

“First of all, our main enemy is certainly the United States. What does the U.S. react to? They react to two things: the threat of physical annihilation and the liquidation of a certain number of military personnel. What we know based on wars in Vietnam and Korea is that several tens of thousands of annihilated American servicemen will cause the public opinion in the U.S. to be severely strained. I will repeat: not several thousand, like in Afghanistan or Iraq, but a certain number of tens of thousands. Who will liquidate them, where they will be liquidated and in what way is completely irrelevant, but this is one of the objectives if we want to influence the American leadership. We have absolutely nothing to lose.”

Satanovsky concluded that based on how the Americans fought in Korea and Viet Nam, America could be counted on to limit it’s involvement up to a maximum of several “tens of thousands” of US casualties. They feign awareness of our dirty little secret of squeamishness about the body count in foreign engagements. Satanovsky said several times that Russia must “liquidate” several tens of thousands of Americans in order to stop America’s support of Ukraine. This is the key to American disengagement he says.

Resorting to grotesque threats in the same program, Andrey Kartapolov, head of the Russian State Duma Defense Committee, addressed the West with a line from an old Soviet movie: “Don’t worry, it won’t hurt when we cut your throat. We’ll slice just once and you’re in heaven… Our victory will take place wherever the Russian soldier will stop—and wherever he stops, from there he will never leave.”

Americanist Dmitry Drobnitsky commented: “In our country, we embraced one American we wouldn’t want to kill: that would be Tucker Carlson.” This is pathetic beyond words.

All of this is content generated by the host and his guests. But, their sentiments clearly are in line with the Kremlin’s interest in popular support for Putin’s war and antagonism towards the west. Much public sentiment seems to be tied up in national loss of face from the Russian military’s poor performance in the war but not so much in the actual need for the war. If you watch a few of these episodes you’ll see guests venting their white hot rage at America for it’s support of Ukraine peppered with references to WWIII and nuclear war with the west.

Propaganda, /ˌpräpəˈɡandə/, noun: information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Americans should view some of this Russian television content to get an idea of the anti-American, anti-western bile being spewed continuously by the Russian propaganda apparatus. The Kremlin has been a master of propaganda for many years. They know the value of repeating big lies over and over. Unfortunately, certain Americans have been using this technique on our own population as well.

Hegemony, /həˈjemənē,ˈhejəˌmōnē/, noun: leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others. “Germany was united under Prussian hegemony after 1871”

At present, Russia is publicly stamping their feet in outrage over western interference in their dirty little invasion, making every threat they can imagine. At the same time, actors for the state continue to conduct wave after wave of attacks on the west over the internet. Others are covertly interfering with our politics by trying to destabilize democracy. The overall goal the Russian’s share with China is to deflate American hegemony in the world and replace it with their own. You know, just your basic quest for world domination. It never ends.

100-year concrete aging experiment ends in 2023

Somebody was thinking ahead at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1910. Civil engineering professor and later Dean of the College of Engineering, Morton O. Withey (1882-1961), began an experiment on the effect of age and environment on what was then a relatively new building material- concrete. Now, in 2023, a second 100-year batch of experimental castings are coming to completion.

Source: The Chi Phi Chakett, 1955

Withey, a 1904 Dartmouth graduate, began casting samples of various compositions of cement, sand and stone in 1910 when he initially cast 450 of the 6 x 12-inch cylinders. He cast other sets of samples in 1923 and 1937 for a total of over 2500 cylindrical castings.

According to the Wisconsin State Journal the 1910 samples were tested at the 100 year mark and the 1937 samples were tested at the 50 year mark. A comparison of the 1910 samples revealed that both the samples stored in the air and in water strengthened in similar increments for a time and thereafter the samples stored in water continued to strengthen. Exposure of the dry samples to carbon dioxide lead to chipping. The dry 1910 samples yielded to 75 tons of pressure whereas the wet samples yielded at up to 100 tons of pressure. This disparity is thought to arise from continuous hydration of the water-wet samples.

Since the time when the samples were cast, the chemistry of cement and concrete has changed to where the engineering data is no longer of interest for ongoing work. However, the experiment has broadened the envelop of known properties of various concrete compositions.

A wealth of interesting information on the properties of concrete can be found at the Wikipedia website.

Pluvicto (TM) PSMA-targeted radiotherapy

March 22, 2022. Swiss drugmaker Novartis has released Pluvicto, “the first FDA-approved targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) for eligible patients with mCRPC that combines a targeting compound (ligand) with a therapeutic radioisotope (a radioactive particle). Pluvicto is expected to be available to physicians and patients within weeks.

Pluvicto features a chelated Lutetium-177 ion (half-life 6.7 days) which is the source of the molecule’s radioactivity. Lutetium is the heaviest of the lanthanide elements and the name comes from the Latin Lutetia Parisiorum which was the predecessor to the city of Paris, France.

The drug has been approved in the US for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Several things are notable about the Pluvicto molecule. The molecule contains a PSMA-specific peptidomimetic feature with an attached therapeutic radionuclide, where PSMA stands for Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen. Peptidomimetic refers to a small chain that resembles a stretch of protein forming amino acids. This peptidomimetic fragment, which interestingly contains a urea linker, is designed as the tumor targeting piece of the drug. Connected to it is a radioactive Lutetium-177 cation (below, upper right). The tumor targeting fragment binds to the cancer cell. While bound to the cell, the short-lived radioisotope undergoes two modes of decay. The Lu-177 emits a medium energy beta particle (Eβmax = 0.497 MeV) which is limited to a maximum of 2 millimeters of travel. This is the kill shot that will damage the attached target cell. The short path length of the beta ray in vivo limits the extent of surrounding damage by any given decay.

The other mode of decay is gamma emission by Lu-177. Gamma rays are much more penetrating than beta particles. They can be detected from the exterior allowing monitoring of dose and location of the drug. Even though gamma rays are more penetrating than beta rays, they produce many fewer ion pairs per centimeter as they traverse the tissue making them less effective in tissue destruction compared to alpha and beta particles. For instance alpha particles from therapeutic radionuclides like Radium-223 use to treat prostate cancer are much more destructive because they produce many ion pairs per centimeter. This is why getting alpha emitters like radon inside you is not a good thing.

A Google search of Pluvicto or Lutetium-177 will produce many good links of a technical and non-technical nature.

Pluvicto, PSMA-targeted radiotherapy
(lutetium 177Lu vipivotide tetraxetan)
for PSMA-positive prostate cancer
7.4 GBq (200 mCi) IV Q6W up to 6 doses

Novartis PluvictoTM (lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan)

Glutamine Antagonist Prodrug with Diazo Group

An anti-cancer prodrug called Sirpiglenastat (DRP-104) is in the news. The mode of action is in part the antagonism of glutamine metabolism. In a paper published in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (DOI:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0282), the authors describe the broader actions of the prodrug-

DRP-104 demonstrated significant antitumor activity as a monotherapy, which was further enhanced in combination with checkpoint blockade therapies, leading to improved survival and long-term durable cures. In summary, DRP-104 broadly remodels the tumor microenvironment by inducing extensive tumor metabolism effects and enhancing the infiltration and function of multiple immune cells distinct from those obtained by checkpoint inhibitor therapy.”

I’m an organikker but not a medicinal chemist. What struck me as interesting is the presence of a diazocarbonyl group on the molecule. This functional group isn’t often found on drug molecules. In the larger scheme of things, there is nothing extraordinary about synthetic chemistry with diazocarbonyl compounds as intermediates for drug molecules, but diazo groups on drugs or natural products is quite a bit less common.

Sirpiglenastat (DRP-104)

Another paper in the Journal of Clinical Investigation (open access, 10.1172/JCI148550) wrote-

Broad glutamine antagonism with sirpiglenastat (DRP-104). Sirpiglenastat (DRP-104) is a tumor-targeted prodrug of the glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), which was identified in the 1950s as a potent anticancer agent (79). DON is a mechanism-based, irreversible inhibitor of all glutamine-utilizing enzymes (80), and thus broadly inhibits metabolic pathways that require glutamine as a nutrient source. The main impediment in the clinical development of DON has been its dose-limiting toxicities to normal tissues (81), especially the gastrointestinal tract, which is highly glutamine dependent (82). By utilizing promoieties that are preferentially cleaved by tumor-enriched enzymes (83), sirpiglenastat is able to deliver DON preferentially to the tumor, increasing its therapeutic index.”

6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON)

The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) mentioned above was isolated from a streptomyces culture found in Peruvian soil. The Wikipedia article mentioned that DON works by alkylation at the active site of the glutamine utilizing enzyme (I’m not happy with this source, but a Google search for a primary reference was not successful). Due to systemic toxicity, DON is not currently in development.

Santos Awarded Chair at Prestigious University

The Department of Symbolism at Poltroon University in Guapo, Arizona, is proud to announce that Representative George Santos (R, NY) has been awarded the Arthur E. and Katherine T. Slush Foundation Chair in Mendacity Studies. University Distinguished Professor Santos will deliver a seminar on Friday, April 7, in the John Wilkes Booth Auditorium at 4:30 pm on the “History of American Mendacity”. Coffee and cookies will be served at 4:00.

Wyoming state senator back pedals on EV ban

An article in the Washington Post today reveals that state senator Jim Anderson who introduced the resolution to ban EV sales by 2035 in Wyoming is now saying that he doesn’t “actually” want EV sales phased out. He said that he has no problem with EVs at all. Instead, he and other legislators have a problem with California’s plan to ban gas-powered vehicles. Anderson said, his bill was “just a resolution saying, ‘We don’t like your bill that you did.’”

It is no secret that regulations made in California often spread to the rest of the country and this seems to be part of the issue for the tit-for-tat in the Wyoming statehouse. Plainly this is a real worry for some. But to fire up the legislative machinery and produce a resolution grumbling about another state’s switch to EVs seems to be a bit of impotent GOP grandstanding. I’m sure it plays well in the Cowboy State. No worries about this tempest in a teapot. EVs will share the road with gas and diesel pickup trucks in Wyoming and the US for a long time to come.

Wyoming wants to ban sales of new EVs by 2035

The Wyoming legislature has produced SJ0004 – Supporting the phasing out new electric vehicle sales by 2035. Below is a copy of the proposed bill. It’s just a joint resolution. Am I surprised that the square state sitting just north of my square state has produced this? Not in the least.

SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. SJ0004

Phasing out new electric vehicle sales by 2035.

Sponsored by: Senator(s) Anderson, Boner, Cooper and Dockstader and Representative(s) Burkhart and Henderson

A JOINT RESOLUTION

for

A JOINT RESOLUTION expressing support for phasing out the sale of new electric vehicles in Wyoming by 2035.

WHEREAS, oil and gas production has long been one of Wyoming’s proud and valued industries; and

WHEREAS, the oil and gas industry in Wyoming has created countless jobs and has contributed revenues to the state of Wyoming throughout the state’s history; and

WHEREAS, since its invention, the gas-powered vehicle has enabled the state’s industries and businesses to engage in commerce and transport goods and resources more efficiently throughout the country; and

WHEREAS, Wyoming’s vast stretches of highway, coupled with a lack of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, make the widespread use of electric vehicles impracticable for the state; and

WHEREAS, the batteries used in electric vehicles contain critical minerals whose domestic supply is limited and at risk for disruption; and

WHEREAS, the critical minerals used in electric batteries are not easily recyclable or disposable, meaning that municipal landfills in Wyoming and elsewhere will be required to develop practices to dispose of these minerals in a safe and responsible manner; and

WHEREAS, the expansion of electric vehicle charging stations in Wyoming and throughout the country necessary to support more electric vehicles will require massive amounts of new power generation in order to sustain the misadventure of electric vehicles; and

WHEREAS, the United States has consistently invested in the oil and gas industry to sustain gas-powered vehicles, and that investment has resulted in the continued employment of thousands of people in the oil and gas industry in Wyoming and throughout the country; and

WHEREAS, fossil fuels, including oil and petroleum products, will continue to be vital for transporting goods and people across Wyoming and the United States for years to come; and

WHEREAS, the proliferation of electric vehicles at the expense of gas-powered vehicles will have deleterious impacts on Wyoming’s communities and will be detrimental to Wyoming’s economy and the ability for the country to efficiently engage in commerce; and

WHEREAS, phasing out the sale of new electric vehicles in Wyoming by 2035 will ensure the stability of Wyoming’s oil and gas industry and will help preserve the country’s critical minerals for vital purposes.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WYOMING:

Section 1.  That the legislature encourages and expresses as a goal that the sale of new electric vehicles in the state of Wyoming be phased out by 2035.

Section 2.  That the legislature encourages Wyoming’s industries and citizens to limit the sale and purchase of new electric vehicles in Wyoming with a goal of phasing out the sale of new electric vehicles in Wyoming by 2035.

Section 3.  That the Secretary of State of Wyoming transmit copies of this resolution to the President of the United States, each member of Wyoming’s congressional delegation, the President of the United States Senate, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, the governor of Wyoming and the governor of California.