Category Archives: Chemistry

Zambian Copper Mine to Boost Output

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Zambia’s largest mining operation, Konkola Copper Mines plc (KCM), is nearly ready to commission the Konkola Deep Mining Project.  This mine expansion project, in combination with the new Nchanga Smelter, will increase the mine’s output from 200,000 tonnes per year to 500,000 tonnes per year by 2010. 

In order to enable the increase in ore output, a new shaft was sunk. The new production shaft # 4 reaches to 1,490 meters below the surface and will service production levels at 1050, 1150, 1250, and 1350 meters depth.  The company anticipates returning 40 % of the tailings back underground for remediation purposes.

The Konkola underground mine is known as the wettest mine in the world. The mine must be continuously pumped to remove the copious water seepage.  Underground improvements will increase the “water make” from 290,000 cubic meters of water to 430,000 cubic meters of water per day.  The water pumps are expected to draw 90 MW of continuous power to do their job.

KCM has invested US$12 million in new sulfuric acid capacity at Chingola. This sulfur burning plant will produce 500 tonnes per day of sulfuric acid for use in the Nchanga Tailings Leach Plant.

KCM also operates an open pit mine nearby.

Lead Couture

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In case any of my dear colleagues in the blogosphere are in the market for a lead brasserie or heavy metal codpiece, there is one supplier of goods meant to protect those delicate regions from radiation. By way of style, I’d put the design in the 19th century Amish or Mormon settler category. But, that is beside the point.  This habillement de mode de plumbum [thanks BabelFish!] is meant to protect the more tender regions from ionization.

PGM Prices Tumble During Summer of 2008

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22 August, 2008.  It is a remarkable collapse in pricing. Rhodium has fallen from a high of US$10,100/toz (toz = troy ounce) in early June of 2008 to opening price of US$3950/toz on 21 August, 2008, on the EIB.  Bad news from automotive manufacturers General Motors, BMW, and Nissan is cited by Reuters and posted on Mineweb as the principle cause of the collapse. According to Reuters, the automotive industry accounts for 80 % of the demand for rhodium. 

Other reasons are cited as contributing to the price fall.  Electrical distribution problems interrupting mine activities has reportedly eased, reducing the jitteryness of buyers.

The rhodium market is small and illiquid, and few traders are prepared to speculate on a floor for prices.

The metal’s recent price falls have been blamed by some traders on forward selling, or hedging, by producers. If this is the case, the market should stabilise as these sales tail off.

Mineweb, 15 August, 2008

Ruthenium prices have been sitting at US$300/toz for months now. Apparently the news that sparked the major uptick in Ru prices last year has failed to produce real demand.

Gold opened on the EIB yesterday at US$835.57/toz. This is down considerably from mid July, no doubt adding some tarnish to the spate of ads urging consumers to buy gold.

Palladium has fallen to US$295/toz from the recent high of US$480/toz in mid June of ’08. This is good news for the chemical industry and chemical researchers.

Finally, Platinum has seen a price decline as well, opening at US$1465/toz against the Feb ’08 high of US$2275/toz. This is also good news for the chemical industry. Hopefully chemical buyers are in a position to hedge their PGM positions a bit.

 

A Plague of Consultants

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Just like most heaps of dung have an ad hoc ecosystem of insects living on or in it, many companies seem to have a few consultants buzzing around feeding and laying eggs.  These creatures are attracted to the smell of budget allocations, pending or recent disaster, or the need for highly specialized skills on a temporary basis.

Consultants are almost always highly specialized critters, having highly evolved senses and proboscises for the collection of nectar from deep within the treasury organ of the corporate flower.  It is common for consultants to tap into upper level management having budgetary authority.

The infestation stage of their life cycle can begin in many ways.  Consultants are not often seen unless they are in the feeding stage of their lifecycle. When they are looking for a blood meal, they can descend on the unwary manager and dazzle her/him with their flashy appendages.

The infestation can be deleteriously parasitic or genuinely symbiotic. Some consultants plant themselves on an artery and pull blood until the host expires. I will include law firms in this savage group, since lawyers really are a type of consultant. Not all lawyers will draw down the resources of the host to a dangerous level. Many are able to sustain their relationship indefinitely through the exchange of useful services in exchange for a draw of blood now and then.

A company can become infested in many ways. Executives at trade shows are particularly vulnerable to picking up consultants on their legs as they muck around in the fetid swamp waters of business development. It is important for business development managers and executives to check one another for puncture wounds indicating the implantation of consultant larvae.

Consultants find their host organism in many other ways. Business associations, fraternal organizations, and chambers of commerce are known venues for infestation.

Having a consultant glued to your leg isn’t all negative. There is occasional need for their services. The trick to using a consultant profitably is to define the need very carefully and work with them to develop a structured plan so that their work product is well defined. Resist the temptation to turn over the keys to the company while they do their work. It is important to manage consultants very carefully since they are usually quite expensive. If executed properly, consultants can be quite useful as highly skilled temporary specialists.

Thoughts on Organizations

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The management of process development in the chemical indstry is a highly specialized activity requiring skills and experience that crosses many disciplines. Many people doing such work today are practicing in a corporate environment where management structure and support services are already in place. Organization managers have a portfolio of standard operating procedures (SOP’s) and daily operation is a relatively straightforward matter of keeping the ball rolling. Individual work product contributes to a large project where many people and large streams of cash are choreographed to arrive at a well defined goal. Degrees of freedom are frozen out and the dominoes are carefully prealigned to topple to a particular spot.

Process Development Warning: Eventually you may have to shoot the chemist and get on with the project.

(Alright, it’s a joke)

In smaller organizations where individuals have greater personal influence, where money is less certain, and where fewer operational resources may be available, the end state of a technology-push project may be less certain. Choices relating to the details and specification of a product can be changed with greater ease than may be possible in a larger organization with many layers of management.  This is both a benefit and a curse for the small business.

An organization that is not yet ossified with excessive management is one that may have the structural ability to adapt to the business environment with greater ease than one that is “over managed”.  But this is conditional. A small business responding to market pull may have better survivability if it is flexible. A technology push organization that seeks to bring a new product or service to market may actually suffer from too much organizational flexibility.

Smaller organizations have to invent and implement management structure that constrains the dominoes to topple to a defined endpoint. This can be quite difficult for Explorer-Discoverer types to set into action. The key thing for technical people to consider when starting an organization is that placing an organizational person in the founding member group is critical to building management structure from the outset.

Aldrichimica Acta, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2008.

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The latest Aldrichimica Acta is out- No. 2 of volume 41. This publication was started by a friend, teaching colleague, mentor, and former boss who spent some of his best years working for Alfred Bader. He eventually retired as a VP of something or other at Aldrich. A truly great guy. For a while, the task of catalog publishing was his job. He bought paper by the rail car. Their job was to increase the size of the collection by 15 % per year.

He also invented the coffee pot kugelrohr system that Aldrich sold for a long time. It has now morphed out of recognition. But he showed me the prototype motor assembly. It consisted of a reciprocating air motor built for automotive windshield wipers wired onto some pegboard. The air motor used either air pressure or vacuum and had a metal tube that connected the vac line from one side of the motor axially to the other.  The reciprocating motor got around the need for a sealed vacuum bearing. To one side of the reciprocating tube was connected a vacuum line via flexible rubber hose, and to the other via hose and barbed connector, a series of bulb tubes and pot. 

The coffee pot came from a West Bend coffee pot plant down the road in Milwaukee. Aldrich bought the reject pots and paid a guy to refit them for kugelrohr duty in his garage. It was a very successful product. When I went to grad school we had a Buchi kugelrohr for bulb-to-bulb short path distillation. But I still remember with some fondness having to sit at the bench twiddling the Aldrich kugelrohr by hand while feeding dry ice onto the receiver. Sometimes we would drip dichloromethane in the receiver and let the evaporative cooling do the trick. We’d use the air motor for lengthy distillations.

On wrecking your career

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It’s the end of a rotten day and I’m fuming. There are many ways to see harm to or the obliteration of your career in the fabulous world of industry. It can be self-immolation or you can catch a bullet just by standing there. Sometimes you can be removed for reasons that are never clear- your division or your job description can be rendered obsolete by the geniuses driving the boat. Industry demands loyalty and the ability to absorb abuse through many forms of institutionalized intimidation.

Sometimes working in industry just sucks. There is no way around it nor is there a better description. The trick to weathering bad times is to find a way to reign in your temper when things get stupid. Speaking for myself- a large irritable mammal- this can be really hard to do. I am a smartass with a good vocabulary and a decent imagination- a detonable configuration and am unable to keep my mouth shut sometimes.

I had to learn this temper thing the hard way. I once beared my teeth and snapped back at a senior staff member who was behaving just horribly. He had a need for dominance and used his lengthy time in service to leverage it. Skipping to the conclusion, I ended up leaving and he stayed.  Moral of the story- for long term survival, find a way to let bad characters implode through their own weaknesses.  If you want to stay, then resolve to stay.

In industry it is quite important that your “deliverables” are not just visible, but also mission critical. Industry is cyclical and companies inevitably expand the head count. When times get tough, the head count is one of the first things they want to trim. While times are good, try to remain on important projects that are highly visible and valuable to management. Try to avoid being put on invisible projects.

Be judicious in how you use email. Don’t give others a stick that they can beat you over the head with. Never compose an email while you are angry. Always be fair and generous, especially to despicable characters. Even handedness in the face of conflict will always win friends and allies. Try to avoid blind copying and excessive cc’s to upper level people. Try to settle your disputes without making a comedy show of it in front of management.

You will eventually find that one of the major problems in life is the matter of control. Many kinds of conflict and ordeals derive from the need for control. Some people harbor pernicious control issues that disrupt everything around them. They are like typhoid carriers. I have yet to find a rule of thumb for such a situation. But the thing to remember is that such people could cause you to behave badly as well.  , so a person has to be on guard when certain people are around. This sounds simple, but it can be quite hard to do. I am writing this very post as a way to process my own frustrations.

A Few Thoughts on Organizations and Systems

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Being over the hump and into the 2nd half of my chemistry career, I find that more and more of my time is spent dealing with systems issues. Not fighting existing systems. Synthesizing new ones. One of the things I have come to appreciate is the value and necessity of at least some level of bureaucratic structure as an organization grows. Really, it has been an awakening.

My current project involves receiving and organizing a massive stream of diverse information. It is a taxonomic nightmare. How does one organize critical and confidential information in such a manner that it can be accessed for future reference? It is more than a matter of profligate use of file folders. I have drawers and drawers of file folders with commercial and scientific information in them, but I have lost track of what I already have. What has to shake out of my current task is a bureaucratic mechanism.

I have come to be viewed as a “resource”. This is a euphamism for “keeper of obscure information”, or more to the point, “he who knows where the bodies are buried”.

Getting back to the matter of systems generation, a problem organizations may develop is one in which valuable, painful, and expensive lessons get lost over a relatively short interval. People naturally like to get on with things. Problems in the past are just that- in the past. We overcame a challenge and now we are on to bigger things. But what folks underestimate is that past problems are often the result of habits of thought and poor adaptation to change.

It is easy to get bewildered in a conceptual space where there are no sharp edges or crisp boundaries. In the chemical business world, you find that the crowd naturally divides into science/technical people and business people. There are always a few cross-over people (freaks like myself) who defy tidy categorization.  But for the most part, when the tray stops shaking, the people settle into particular positions.

Business-types like to deal in the binary world of yes and no. Science-types accept that this is possible only from a great distance from the problem.  Business-types use the tool and toss it when done. Science-types can become enchanted with the tool and will try to make it better.

One of the tricks to system development in an organization is to define what constitutes a normal condition. Once this is defined, an off-normal condition can be recognized and SOP’s can be written to deal with it. As a psycholgical precaution, this is where you begin to get insights into the deep-seated insecurities of your colleages. Many long-time acquaintances can reveal control-freak behaviour or authority issues.  The generation and implementation of systems in an organization always involves greater control and loss of degrees of freedom for individuals. People will see this coming and things may get contentious.

As more people become involved in any endeavor, complexity inevitably arises as failure modes are uncovered and people learn to game the system. Good leadership can go a long way towards helping people keep perspective as things become more complex.

Organic and Inorganic Carbon??

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Thanks to a friend in Grand Rapids, I was linked to a blog hosted by the NY Times called Tierneylab.com.  The writer of the post was sounding off about a pet peeve relating to the use of the term “Organic”.  It seems that there is some confusion as to the use of the adjective organic in relation to certain carbon-containing substances. Tempest in a teapot, you ask? Let the chemistry community decide.

The problem begins to show itself when astronomers and planetary scientists start describing carbon containing materials found in planetary exploration as organic.  Back on earth, the word organic is burdened with both common and scientific usage. So, when descriptions of organic materials found on other worlds begin to arise in discourse, the intent of the usage becomes unclear.

For instance, it could suggest to people that such discovered materials were put in place by some kind of life form. It could suggest to nondiscriminating audiences that the presence of carbon implies life, past, present, or future. Or it might well suggest to higher level audiences that biology-ready raw materials are in place.

The scientists working with the Phoenix Lander have an interesting analytical chore in front of them. Using a robotic platform on Mars, they want to distinguish the presence of organic vs inorganic carbon. What is meant by organic and inorganic is less than clear. But it seems that organic refers to something other than CO2 and carbonate.

In the relatively few journal articles I’ve seen relating to this, the authors are not always precise about the kinds of molecules they are referring to as organic. Irrespective of what is said in the articles, when this work gets to a public forum, the meaning behind the word organic becomes even less clear.   

The TierneyLab post does bring up an interesting question about what is necessary for a substance to be considered organic.  Do graphite, diamond, Buckyball, or soot forms of carbon qualify as organic? What about CO2, CS2, carbonates, CO, HCN, or calcium carbide? Does it make more sense to refer to organic and inorganic carbon, where inorganic carbon is defined as … well, what? 

Seriously, what would it be? CO2? Carbon dioxide is incorporated into glucose by plants and this seems quite organic.  Carbonate? This anion is used to balance our blood pH. Our own metabolic CO2 helps to provide carbonate. This product of metabolism should qualify as organic. CO? Well, Carbon monoxide undergoes Fischer-Tropsch reactions to produce aldehydes. This seems very organic as well. Perhaps the target is a substance with C-H bonds?

There is nothing inherently biological about the C-H bond. The Saturnian moon Titan is blanketed with a thick layer of CH4 (methane) and it seems unlikely that it is of biological origin. Indeed, hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and carbon the 4th. That hydrogen and carbon atoms could find each other to form trace methane in a proto solar system isn’t too much of a stretch.

Organic and Inorganic Carbon.  How about we just leave it all as organic? 

Here is what I think. It does matter if a scientist or writer is using language in an imprecise way. If writing or speech implies, for instance, that Mars is rich in life giving organic nutrients when in fact Martian organic matter is really carbonate and CO2, then I believe the language must be altered to reflect that condition. A writer should not leave an impression of past or incipient planetary fecundity when in fact the planet may be an inert ball of metal silicates dusted with a bit of carbonate when the 6 torr CO2 atmosphere kicks up a breeze.

Nuclear Chemistry Article in Daily Kos

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For those of use who carry around an interest in nuclear science, there is a short but interesting article in the Daily Kos written by a chemist on the topic of the Hanford site in Washington.  Of particular interest is the link describing a radiological assay of a chemist who died at age 76 of cardiovascular disease.  At the time of death they found 540 kBq of activity in his body- 90 % in his skeleton. The gentleman had been involved in a glovebox explosion involving exposure to 241-Am at age 64.

What do you do with a radioactive corpse? One option is to donate your body to science. The WSU College of Pharmacy maintains a registry of data culled from uranium and plutonium workers. A recent description of donated bodies is found in this pdf. One donation is from a plutonium worker who was present in the 1965 fire at Rocky Flats. He retained an estimated 6.8 kBq of lung burden. They did not specify how this was determined.  Rocky Flats did have state of the art whole-body monitoring and a substantial health physics department.

Pu detection is a little tricky because one of the important markers for Pu contamination is 241-Am, an alpha and gamma emitter (Pu is a bad actor mostly because of internal alpha exposure).  Residual and highly active 241-Pu (104 Ci/g) beta decays to the highly active 241-Am.  Unfortunately, not all Pu isotopes decay into Americium. This Am isotope allows for gamma ray spectra to be gathered so an estimate of Pu exposure can be calculated. The ever popular 239-Pu isotope alpha decays to 235-U without much gamma emission. So, the calculation of Pu exposure and dose depends on knowing the purity of the Pu at issue.