Category Archives: Current Events

Arsenic- Pnictogen of the Week

The news of a bacterial life form that not only resists the toxic effects of arsenate but has been reported to use arsenate in place of phosphate has reverberated around the scientific world.  If the reported results are to be believed, then plainly this is a very significant find. (I haven’t been to the local library to read the Science article myself and I’m too cheap to pay for a download!)

From the reviews I have read, the paper reports the presence of the Group V oxoanion arsenate in the organism.  But the presence of an arsenate as a functional group in a biomolecule apparently has not been substantiated. I think this has to happen before we break out the champagne. Arsenate linkages have to be made in vivo by enzymes in order to qualify this as a new kind of life form.  It would be nice to hear about a successful enzymatic emplacement of arsenate in a controlled experiment. So far, all we know is that the organism is extremely tolerant of arsenate.

12/10/10. UPDATE.  My my my. Now we’re starting to hear doubters chiming in on the news of arsenious life forms at Mono Lake. What is that flushing sound?? Could it be the sound of careers circling ’round the porcelain bowl on the way to pergatory?  Remember Pons and Fleischman.

Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.   C. Sagan

Th’ Gaussling’s Epistle to the Phosita’s. PTO is Hiring

Got an email from a  friend who is a patent examiner. I thought I’d pass the rumor that the US Patent and Trademark Office is planning to hire 1000 more examiners in the coming months, 100 of which will be in the chemical field.  The USPTO website seems rather perky as well.  I can’t verify the accuracy of the number of hires planned- it’s just what my examiner friend said.

The good news is that it is a job with benefits. The bad news is that you have to live in the DC area, study patent applications all day, and haggle with endothermic patent attorneys.  For an interesting view of life as an examiner, read the blog Just a Patent Examiner.  Remember, Einstein was a patent examiner. Hmmm …. I wonder if he understood novelty?

My friend said that the goal is to fill the slots before the hoard of angry Tea Party Pissants take over the house next year.  (Well, ok. He said republicans. I made up the part about Tea Party Pissants)

I can’t bring myself to apply.

I wonder if an examiner must have more than ordinary skill in the art? An Über-Phosita.

Terrorists Successful. Americans Terrified.

While the underwear and shoe bombers may have been unsuccessful in their attempts to bring down a jetliner in flight, they were successful in inducing other manifestations of terror.  The US has been installing whole body scanners capable of penetrating clothing so that nameless and faceless citizens employed by TSA or whomever may inspect our body topography.  In addition to this radiological peepshow during check-in at the airport, TSA security has been authorized to pat down our private parts.   

Cause:  Two imbeciles board airplanes and attempt to initiate their explosives. They failed.  Effect:  The USA, the most powerful military-industrial complex for maybe hundreds of parsecs in all directions, is so freaked out by the presence of a mouse on the kitchen floor that it contrives to supply absolute security.  History is full of many examples of foolish attempts by states to provide absolute security.  The impulse to attain absolute security becomes the lever by which authoritarian states pry liberty from the hands of its people. 

The members of the booboisie who promulgate this foolish notion are not automatically bad people. As viewed from lunar orbit, their intentions are superficially honorable. The gaping flaw is that they accept the premise that trading in the protection against unreasonable search and seizure for what can only be a miniscule uptick in security, is a fair trade. 

It is most assuredly not a fair trade, but it seems to have already been made for us. I strenuously object.

Update:  A friend advises that there are already countermeasures available f0r the scanners.  I would recommend a screen printed lead-based paint with an appropriately artful design that would hide, or perhaps exaggerate the body part to be shielded. Alternatively, a witty slogan may be printed.  Perhaps we can source the lead-based paint in China?

Not-so-brave new world

A blog called The Legal Satyricon has an excellent essay on the demise of Senator Russ Feingold. I am compelled to chime in and second the motion. Feingold understands the social equilibrium principle of civil liberty. But a growing population of voters apparently do not.  Feingold’s opposition to the Patriot Act was truly an act of integrity.  He understood the ratchet-like progression of governmental power and saw the Patriot Act, a piece of legislation that seemingly appeared overnight, for what it was. An overreach into the lives of American citizens. An overreach that involves weapons, surveillance, and more rigid control over citizens.

But fearful citizens wielding felt tip markers filled in the ballot bubble for the other candidate and Feingold is out. The fearful imagine they are for basic virtues like liberty, but in fact they pull the covers up to their eyes and vote away civil liberties.

Fear of terrorism is fear of an idea. The “War on Terror” is a blindingly stupid and misleading slogan. This kind of sloganeering betrays a basic educational deficit on the part of elected officials. The same applies to the “War on Drugs”. 

Al Qaeda and the extremisms born of Islamic fever are actions based on a philosophy. There are no armies to fight. There are no uniforms and no enemy insignia’s to put the cross-hairs on.  Only the civilian believers in a notion carry this fight forward.  You can’t hope to win a war on an idea by military invasion.  The War in Afganistan is a bug hunt.  As soon as the lights go off, the bugs come back out. The Soviets discovered this the hard way.

Al Qaeda, then based in Afganistan, slams civilian jets into architectual symbols of American power.  The US responds by lavishing massive invasion forces upon Iraq and sending modest forces to Afganistan.  America’s leaders, lead by that vacuous symbol of virtue, George Bush II, seemed bent on knocking somebody down .  So we went and knocked somebody down. 

We tipped the hornets nest of Iraq and unleashed a pornographic orgy of fratricide. Perhaps the tragedy of Iraq’s expression of rage was inevitable no matter how its evolution played out.  Political outrage fueled by inconceivable injustices and inhumanity brought into sharp focus by Iron age religious doctrines lead to a suicidal conflagration of Iraqi society.  In truth, as a Russian colleague once suggested while we sat in my living room drinking vodka and watching Gulf War 1 unfold on CNN, westerners have no business meddling  in that part of the world because we do not understand it. Its history and rythms are alien to us.  He was right. Meanwhile, Afganistan continues to produce most of the worlds morphine which, when acetylated, gives heroin.

America’s ability to project power is a wondrous thing to behold. We are genuinely good at it. Ask us to solve the problem of poverty or drug abuse and we’ll come up with some rheumatoidal public apparatus to throw money at some of it while the smug and secure bitch about socialism.

But ask us to deliver a missile payload of high explosives into a window from 12 thousand miles away, we’ll spare no expense and put the best minds on it.  We’ll put DARPA on the trail and devise new materials and electronics. Hell, we’ll even put up satellites just so’s we can watch a million dollar explosion on TV.  At least a part of the tragedy of 9/11 is the unleashing of our reflex to make war.  There is a dubious future in armed conflict and we should hold elected officials more accountable when they make war in our name.

The Three Pillars of Conservatism: Fear, Greed, and Anger

Every election cycle, we get to have a lingering look up the skirts of conservative dancers who tease the audience with alternating glimpses of their puritan knickers and their pasty white backsides. It is at once revolting yet fascinating in a sick kind of way.  Where are those dollar bills I brought …

Conservative Americans have made a virtue of fear, greed, and anger. This is one of the pure, crystalline forces of history. The Three Pillars of Conservatism.

Liberals fail in politics because they inherently misunderstand power and how it works. Conservatives have an innate grasp of power and suffer little from its wanton and extravagant use.  One never hears conservatives praising the ideals of the Greek thinkers. Conservatives are much more like Romans. The Romans made a show of conquest and of alignment to the doctrine and virtue of empire. Romans understood the value of bread and circuses. And that is what we get today every election cycle. A circus.

Wherein the Vagaries of Rare Earth Elements are Considered

Th’ Gaussling was interested to read the August 30, 2010 issue of C&EN regarding the market situation with the rare earth elements. Or, at least certain rare earth elements (REE). The staff at C&EN has finally picked this matter up on their radar. Significant ore bodies are located in countries prone to reflexive autocracy, i.e., Russia and China.

More sgnificantly, as a friend and colleague recently pointed out, China has decided to exercise its Lanthanide fist in by slapping an embargo on rare earth materials available to much of the global market. The affected technologies include those using neodymium (or rare earth) magnets for power generation or motors. Rare earths are used in optics, ceramics, fuel cell membranes, and catalysts as well. It’s a pretty big deal for the rest of us. Lots of American R&D resources have gone into this technology.

This is the political chemistry of the REE’s. China is doing what China does- exercising national industrial policy through an emphasis on development of its natural resources. The USA, with its deep preference for free markets, is doing what it has done the last few decades- waking up surprised after a night of riotously drunken merrymaking in the marketplace. That is, responding to shortages well after the momentum has begun.

While US technologists were busy inventing things with REE’s, China was busy anticipating the upcoming demand for its REE’s. Why? Because raw mat sourcing is what R&D people do afterwards. They develop a widget and then ask how they will source the thing. Just natural. 

While the US was busy shutting down mining operations in the last decades of the 20th century, China has been systematically developing its resources.  China has an abundance of journals and workers devoted to REE technology.  The big corporate mind set in the US recoiled from investment in mineral wealth at home. A great many of the mining operations in the US are operated by Australians, Canadians, and South Africans. Somehow they are not afraid to extract minerals here, but the sons and daughters of the pioneers seem to be shy about it.

China seems more focused on developing its industrial base rather than its consumer base.  While there are some industrial policy lessons for the west here, the fact is that China is as China does.  We should not be surprised at this behavior.

The signals of a tougher Chinese trade stance come after American trade officials announced on Friday that they would investigate whether China was violating World Trade Organization rules by subsidizing its clean energy exports and limiting clean energy imports. The inquiry includes whether China’s steady reductions in rare earth export quotas since 2005, along with steep export taxes on rare earths, are illegal attempts to force multinational companies to produce more of their high-technology goods in China.

Despite a widely confirmed suspension of rare earth shipments from China to Japan, now nearly a month old, Beijing has continued to deny that any embargo exists.

Industry executives and analysts have interpreted that official denial as a way to wield an undeclared trade weapon without creating a policy trail that could make it easier for other countries to bring a case against China at the World Trade Organization. [Keith Bradsher, 10/19/10, NYT. Italics by Th’ Gaussling]

It’s not all doom and gloom. Molycorp has announced an IPO to raise funds for expansion and modernization of its Mountain Pass REE mine.  The geology of this ore body is described at this Cal Poly link.  One of the issues complicating the extraction of ore from this massive igneous and metamorphic carbonatite complex is the proximity to the Mojave National Preserve.

REE’s in geological context

In the cosmochemical bingo of hadean Earth, the landmass that we now refer to as Asia filled in the abundance bingo card with the rare earth group of elements. The combination of plate tectonics, crystalline partitioning of cooling magma, and erosion have lead to surface occurrences of rock rich in REE’s.   This group of metals is commonly defined so as to include Sc, Y, and the lanthanide metals. Others will include the actinides. All have a valency of  +3 in their natural compositions. A few of the lanthanides can attain +2 (Eu) or +4 (Ce, Pr) oxidation states, but these are unusual.  Sometimes scandium is left of the list. In other instances, both scandium and yttrium are left off the list.

A graph of lanthanide element abundance vs atomic number will show a saw tooth curve where the even atomic numbers will be represented with greater abundance. This phenomenon isn’t limited to the stretch of lanthanides and is referred to as the Oddo-Harkins rule.  One reference translated from Russian lists it as the Oddo-Kharkins rule (Ryabchikov, Ed., Rare Earth Elements, Extraction, Analysis, Applications; 1959, Academy of Sciences, USSR; Chapter by V.I. Gerasimovskii, Geochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements, p. 27).

It is not uncommon for REE’s to occur as a group in the same mineral, though Sc is often absent.  I’m aware of at least one mineral occurrence of Sc that is impoverished in lanthanides.  Among odd-numbered REE’s, Eu is especially low in abundance.

Within the REE group, two subgroups are often defined: the cerium subgroup (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Eu); and the yttrium subgroup (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ln, and Y).

The REE’s show some interesting attributes. According to the Goldschmidt classification, the REE’s are lithophiles, literally “silicate loving”. More to the point, lithophiles are oxygen loving. The REE’s are known to form refractory oxides.  REE’s are commonly associated with pegmatites and, according to Gerasimovskii,  have a genetic connection with granites and nepheline syenites.

See the later post on the illuminating history of rare earth elements.

The Innate Appeal of Fear

I wrote a post a few years ago about a form of social reconstructionism that I recognized as a rebirth or perhaps, a reinvigoration, of the John Birch Society philosophy in American politics. I have noticed of late that others are making this connection as well. 

With the ascendancy of the confederate vaudevillians Glenn Beck and Sarah Palin as well as the Tea Party, Bircher political philosophy is being rediscovered.  Only, I’m certain that few of its new adherents have realized it has a name and is a 50’s cold war relic.  With scholars like Glenn Beck delivering lectures from his Fox TV lecture hall, the Tea Bag side is busily manufacturing consent by doing what preachers have done for a long time. By preaching that our society is in collapse and that the only way out of the impending disaster is to follow their recommendation.  This might be manifested as a more rigid adherence to teaching, or as has happened since the 1980’s, greater assertion of influence in political and social reconstruction. 

The Sky is Falling!!  -C. Little

There is a certain innate appeal to Bircher Philosophy that satisfies the inner fascist in all of us.  It is a manner of thought that feeds directly and almost unfiltered from the fear cortex of the brainstem. When uncertain, be afraid. No need for thoughtful analysis, just reject the unfamiliar. Distrust everything.  If it ain’t ‘Merican, then it ain’t no damned good. Study these principles devotionally, not analytically.

Bircher doctine serves as a political glove over the hand of protestant Christian evangelical fundamentalists who seek to de-secularize American culture, which includes government and the public arena.  They see our country as an errant Christian state taken off-track and into a condition of fallen righteousness by elitist liberal intellectuals bent on some kind of social buggery.  Listening to these folks, it would seem that they are engaged in a great battle between the forces of Heaven and the liberal leather-winged angels of darkness.  I think they have been watching too many Cecil B. DeMille movies.

Running a secular democratic state like the USA is hard to do. At least some citizens will demand an explanation for any given decision.  And they’ll want to argue. But a state run according to some religious conservative principles, well, that’s different.  Iron age justice is swift and harsh.  And how do the leaders know what to do? God came to them and expressed His conservative wishes. See, isn’t that so much easier? None of this ambiguity. It’s all so easy to understand.

I do agree with the conservative side in one way. The federal government is just too large and over reaching. But killing it while the citizens sleep is not the answer.  Neither is replacing it with market-style dynamics or reverting into a Confederate States of America.  The American experiment does not reduce to just a market phenomenon and was not kept running exclusively by righteous church-going people.  It does not reduce to a mere extension of the principles of the founding fathers either. It is all of that and much more.

It is the result of hundreds of millions of hard working, clever people who were born or naturalized into an enabled society without having to adopt narrow doctrines on how to think or without impermeable social strata. The American phenomenon is an artifact of the bell curve. It is the expression of a statistical distribution of individuals making a contribution to the betterment of our society by improving their own lot.  All citizens have the right to think as they please and we do not need conservative clowns to rally the dark side in all of us so that they can achieve their personal needs.

Heck and Grubbs

Richard Heck and Bob Grubbs, Gordon Conference, Salve Regina, 2005

Here is a picture I took of Richard Heck in the spring of 2005 posing with Bob Grubbs before his trip to Sweden. This was taken at the Organometallic Chemistry section of the Gordon Conference at Salve Regina in 2005.  It is a great place to spend a few days giving or listening to chemistry talks, though the dorm accommodations are a bit spartan.

I think the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Heck, Suzuki, and Negishi was well deserved.  The coupling reactions they uncovered are a great alternative to some otherwise awkward transformations and have enabled much development around the world.

Here is my question- Is -B(OH)2 a meta or an ortho-para director for electrophilic aromatic substitution? At least in principle. In practice it is difficult to determine due to competing deborylation.

This was taken on one of my very last rolls of Kodacolor film.

Civic Hygiene

I like to check in on Bruce Schneier’s website now and then. He is a security guy who seems to have a balanced view of these things.  In particular, his post on wire tapping the internet is insightful.

It’s bad civic hygiene to build technologies that could someday be used to facilitate a police state. No matter what the eavesdroppers say, these systems cost too much and put us all at greater risk.  Bruce Schneier, 10/1/10.

The problem with having massive infrastructure for threat assessment is that they’ll always find something, or at least imagine something. It is in the nature of the state security apparatus to rank its survival highest and to take measures to delegate resources to that end first.  

Just how much sympathy should citizens have in regard to the reach and efficiency of state security organs?  Civil liberties are more important than clerical efficiency.  Americans have been watching too many cop shows on television. It feeds a paranoia seated deep in the brainstem and leads to expectations that discount civil liberty.

Reservoir Road Forest Fire

12 September, 2010. A forest fire kept local and state fire fighters busy today. Called the Reservoir Road fire, this fire grew aggressively with the help of easterly surface winds.

Fire NW of Carter Lake, Loveland, Colorado. Copyright Gaussling 2010.

Carter Lake is one reservoir in a water distribution system that receives western slope water pumped from Grand Lake, Colorado. The water moves down the pipe seen in the photo below (diagonal white line) and into Flatiron power generation station that recovers some of the energy invested in pumping it over the continental divide.  The power station discharges the water into Flatiron Reservoir, wher it is divided into several streams feeding municipalities from Boulder to Ft Collins.

Heavy lift helicopters in action, Reservoir Road fire, 9/12/10. Copyright Gaussling 2010.

A steady stream of aircraft arrived from the south to deliver red-colored fire retardant to unburned areas adjacent to the fire area. All of the heavy aircraft followed behind light aircraft over the drop zone. All aircraft observed what you might call a left hand pattern over the fire area, meaning that approach was from the SE and only counter-clockwise turns were being conducted.

Slurry Drop, Reservoir Road Fire, Loveland, Colorado, 9/12/10. Copyright Gaussling 2010.

Th’ Gaussling’s brother lives on the edge of the fire warning zone, so there are some nervous moments to bear while this thing plays out.  My brother was on his mountain much of today monitoring the situation. There was a visible uptick in wildlife fleeing the area.

For my brother and sister-in-law, this has been an eventful weekend, starting out with the family dog (puppy) receiving 3 strikes by a rattle snake. The dog and a 2-foot rattler had an encounter resulting in the dog receiving one invenomation in the tongue and two in the jaw. The dog went into deep agony in minutes with his tongue swelling to the size of a medium cucumber within an hour. Luckily, the dog received prompt treatment at the vet hospital and after 30 hours of touch and go, has survived the ordeal.  

The rattler wasn’t so lucky. Tragically, an axe fell on it 8 or 10 times, sharp side down.

The dog, a pure bred of some variety, has been advised that he will soon go into a vigorous breeding program to recoup the several thousand dollars of vet fees. The dog declined to comment.