Category Archives: Science

Electrons on Mars

A representative of the Mars Society was interviewed on NPR the other day- Founder Dr. Robert Zubrin- in relation to a conference at UCLA. Zubrin was expounding on the exciting future for mankind on the red planet.

It is the usual space exploration cheerleading stuff that must be done to sustain interest. Visit their website and you’ll see that the Mars Society has been sponsoring some simulated Mars missions in order to accumulate experience and credibility to be at the forefront of an actual mission. They even have an impressive list of scientific advisors.

After hearing some of the ambitious plans to colonize and industrialize Mars, it seems clear that the most important resource colonists on Mars will need is a ready supply of electrons.

Exploiting Martian raw materials will be an energy intensive activity. There will be all kinds of electrical devices to power. Don’t forget backup components, tools, and a collection of spare parts. Maybe a whole module should be dedicated to nuts, bolts, screws, toilet plungers, and duct tape. An orange Home Depot supply craft should follow every mission to Mars. 

Since fuels and oxidizers for combustion will be in short supply, there will be no hydrocarbon powered … anything.  There will be no diesel burning Caterpillars to move dirt.  No calcining lime to make concrete. Prospecting for minerals will consume precious energy as will beneficiation of the ore. The refinement of minerals to afford materials of construction will be deeply energy dependent both in terms of building a processing plant and production itself. 

Once metal ore is found, it must be taken from a deposit, concentrated, and eventually reduced to the metallic form. This is the other requirement for electrons on Mars. Eventually, metal ions must be supplied with electrons from some more abundant supply.  Electrorefining may do the deed from an electrode.  The other obvious source is from electropositive metals or from elemental carbon.

Calcium or magnesium are used to reduce a number of other metals already. Coke has been used in iron refining for a long time. But how would a metal refining operation on Mars obtain these electropositive materials? Hauling calcium or coke from earth? Not likely.

Raw materials for metals refining on arid, alien planets will be a real challenge. Electrons for reduction will almost certainly come from electric power generation. Carbonaceous materials will be in too short of a supply.  Hydrogen will have to be won by electrolytic cracking of precious water.  Consumption of this hydrogen will have to be thought through very carefully, given the previous investment in electrical power to prepare it.

To a very large extent, the colonization of Mars will be an electrically powered adventure. Working electrons on Mars will be the most highly prized resource. Mars Base sounds like a nuclear destination to me.

Laser Light Show

While scanning a copy of Nuts & Volts, I happened on an ad by Ramsey Electronics. This ad featured several electronics kits, one of which was the Laser Lght Show, # LLS1.  I ordered a kit and assembled the thing in about 6 hours. 

Basically, an optical path is set up wherein a laser beam reflects off of two variable speed motors with mirrors and a speaker with a mirror to provide a sound modulated Lissajous pattern. Lissajous (Wikipedia) patterns are an exercise in signal mixing.  Off-axis sinusoidal waves can be mixed electronically (see link) or optically as with this kit.  The kit has a jack to feed audio to the speaker. I have not had a chance to feed in audio just yet- need to open up a cheapo radio and do some minor surgery.

It is satisfying to build things now and then. This activity stems from to my basic belief that one can never know too much about electronics. And, it’s fun.

Putting a Blog to Work in Project Management

There is an interesting PPT download from the archives of the 231st ACS national meeting concerning the use of the weblog format in project management. The presentation was by Randy Reichardt, an engineering librarian at the University of Alberta, Edmonton. The university offers what they call uSpace as an in-house blogging venue for its students. uSpace is a university service under Elgg, an open source blogging platform.

The slide show summarizes a project executed by an engineering class.  Communication between participants centered on the use of a blog. The blog was a kind of nexus used to centralize information related to the project as well as provide an archive to capture events and progress in the project.

Slide #8 has some useful advice issued by the professor-

3. Check your personal issues at the door. This means personal problems, prejudices, wierd/offensive senses of humor, tears (in general, men find this very threatening and difficult to deal with), and aggression (in general, women find this very threatening and difficult to deal with).  It is never a good idea to (cry, lose your temper, or backstab) at work. DO bring a sense of fun, a sense of humor, enthusiasm for the project, and commitment to your team members as human beings. Great teams remember to play together as well as working hard together.

4. Figure out what you’re good at – and do it.

Use of a blog as a central repository of information and connectivity is a brilliant idea.   The only snag I can think of is access. For college coursework a medium level of security is satisfactory, but for the exchange of IP and confidential information, storing sensitive information on an off-site data storage system may not be the best option.  Access must be secure from unauthorized outside parties.  Perhaps Elgg offers this capability? [Editors note: a commentor below suggests this is not an issue]

Reichardt mentions other topics of great importance in the PPT show.  Namely, access to database features and the transfer of information via RSS feeds. I’m not fluent in this technology, so I will have to be silent on this matter. 

The beauty of this approach to project management is that meetings can be held on a continuous or ad-hoc basis without having to schedule interruptive and unproductive meetings where much time and energy is spent presenting updates. People tend to be more precise in their comments if they write them down. Writing in a blog format could have the benefit of more cogent and precise input by team members as well as increased accountability to the group.

THF Under EPA Scrutiny

According to the August 27, 2007 issue of C&EN, page 29, the EPA says that the toxicology data on tetrahydrofuran show “suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential”. The cited document can be found at this link.

It’ll be interesting to see what happens as a result of this study.  It is understatement to say that THF is a mighty important solvent. More than a few important processes require this cyclic ether.  Perhaps this is how Methyl THF makes its appearance to a wider audience?  But in doing so it will only attract the attention of toxicologists.

With REACH and the EPA’s reexamination of many substances in current use, there is likely to be an extended shakeup coming for US chemical processors in the next 5-10 years.  What the rest of us have to reconsider is what constitutes acceptable risk. It’s time for that old aphorism- “A ship in harbor is safe. But that is not where ships are meant to be.”

The hardest problems to deal with seem to be the low signal-to-noise ratio phenomena- low level radiation, low level pollution,  trace levels of this or that in the working environment.  Most likely, acceptable THF exposure levels will come way down and the material will stay in use. That’s my guess.

Disconnects Between Chemistry and Space Science

I continue to marvel at how isolated chemistry is from non-chemists.  Not in the physical sense, but as a cultural disconnect.  Case in point: Our local high school principal wants to make the high school a “magnet” school for math, physics, and engineering. What about chemistry? It seems doubtful that he considered chemistry and purposely left it out. More likely, it is not on his radar screen.

In the course of operating the local astronomical observatory, we volunteers have the opportunity to interact with the public and with aerospace people and some local space science organizations.  The Boulder-Denver area has an unusual concentration of astronomy, physics, and aerospace engineering organizations. 

A very large part of space exploration is concerned with building probes, getting them in space, and acquiring the data. Behind every mission is an army of space system specialists, scientists, post-docs, accountants, project managers, and a collection of congressional supporters.  Maintaining a space exploration program requires extensive infrastructure and a healthy flow of cash. 

Despite this massive effort at the exploration of our solar system, what is notably absent is the larger participation of chemists.  Television programming aimed at mass markets rarely gives more that a passing mention to chemical composition of the cosmos. Chemists are never interviewed in this regard, nor are their books on the shelves of bookstores.

How strange. 

Ostensibly, our interest in the universe resolves to a few basic questions:  How big is the universe? How much stuff is out there? What is the stuff doing? And, what is the stuff, anyway?

A large part of the first question- How big is the universe?– must necessarily must come to grips with the distribution of matter in the universe.  The second question- How much stuff is out there?– requires an understanding of cosmic abundances of the elements and how mass funnels into certain buckets in the periodic table. The third question- What is the stuff doing?– requires an understanding of how matter is partitioned between the stars and the spaces between. It also requires that we have an idea of what kind of chemical compositions are out there because that determines how we quantitate the matter. Finally, the last question- What is the stuff, anyway?–  Golly, isn’t that just chemistry?

I do not mean to imply that nothing is being done in regard to chemical questions in space science. Considerable effort is being made to perform chemical analysis on a couple of Mars landers and work has been accomplished therein.  The Tempel 1 impactor experiment performed recently is another good example.

This essay isn’t meant to highlight deficiencies in space science.  Space science people are pretty busy trying to keep the process steaming along.  But I think that chemists as a group have perhaps been less than anxious to address cosmochemical questions. Part of it has to do with the space science establishment. Space science is dominated by government funding and is managed to a large extent by engineers, physicists, and aerospace management. Putting a package into space is largely a physics and aerospace exercise that exploits defense related technology. Propellant people and materials science people are involved, but they do not manage the projects and the cash.

Nobody thinks about strapping chemists to a rocket and sending them into space, though I know few chemists I would like to send into space. Space exploration thus far has been an aerospace adventure and the science packages have been largely physics-oriented. The chemical community has little experience as a whole in participation in space missions. So, the disconnect is an artifact of how space exploration evolved.

My point is that in the education of chemists, there should be a bit more exposure to nuclear and geochemistries.  The present emphasis on life science supports the allied health field very well, but perhaps at the expense of other areas of chemical science.  It all boils down to the funding and training of professors and the consequent development of curriculum. Professors teach what they know. If they do not know cosmochemistry, geochemistry, or nuclear chemistry, it won’t get taught.

[Edited for content 9/2/07]

Lunar Eclipse

For those of us on the wrong side of the earth for todays lunar eclipse, NASA’s JPL offers the next best thing. A solar system simulator.  You’ll have to monkey with the settings. I’d recommend using the extra brightness if you view the earth from the moon for a Terran eclipse. The view from the moon is visually more interesting, I think. This simulator is a very useful tool for exploring the solar system. Enjoy!

Tom, founder and drive system engineer, at the LTO 18″ telescope. [Photo from starkids.org]

One of the coolest things I have ever witnessed happened during a lunar eclipse a few years ago. We had the observatory open during the event with the 18″ Cassegrain pointed at the moons limb. As you watched a star along the edge of the moon, you could see the moon moving against the background of stars, eventually occulting the star in the period of a few minutes. Of course, you don’t have to wait for an eclipse to do this, but there it was that night, the celestial clockwork in motion before your eyes.

[Thanks to Les for the JPL link!]

Solar Perplexus- Is the Sun Electrically Neutral?

I wonder to what extent a star can accumulate an electrical charge?  Nuclear transformations conserve charge, so electrical neutrality should be preserved in nuclear chemistry. But what about CME’s– Coronal Mass Ejections or other energetic bursts of plasma from the sun?  Are such mass ejections electrically neutral? Do the processes that accelerate solar protons provide a mechanism that includes an equivalent number of electrons? Are electrons swept along with the proton burst like lepton groupies?

If the sun is 1.4E6 km in diameter, then it is about 4.7 light seconds in diameter, using the vacuum velocity of light in the estimation (this may not be the velocity to use). It seems that an electrical imbalance could occur on one side of the sun and be “unnoticed” by the rest of the star for a fairly long period of time.

The magnetic processes that eject mass from the sun perform work on the solar plasma by accelerating some of it from the sun into space.  My question is this, is it possible that charge separation can occur as well. If mass-flows are directed (or partitioned) according to charge and occur by confinement or acceleration in pinched magnetic fields (like in a cyclotron or a Tokamak), then it seems plausible that ejected particles streams could be charge imbalanced on a local scale. On a broad enough scale, the charge would be balanced, of course. 

Here are the questions that follow:  How much charge imbalance could a star accumulate and how would it get back into equilibrium?

Comments?  Pure Bullshit? Partial Bullshit?

Becoming a Major Player: The Chinese Lanthanide Industry

It is interesting to note how certain countries dominate particular parts of the periodic table.  South Africa has a large lock on the Platinum Group Metals (PGM’s) and crystalline carbon (diamonds).  According to the South African Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa has 62 % of the worlds supply of PGM’s.  The ore bodies are located in the Bushveld complex in the northeastern section of the country. 

China finds itself flush with perhaps the largest reserves of rare earths- scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides.  In my travels I see that a good bit of applied research is being done with rare earths in China, some of which is being reported in publications that I only see from a Google search. OK, I don’t have a matrix of data to prove this.  But it appears that SciFinder hasn’t covered Chinese research as well as I thought.  Not too surprising I suppose, given the language and distance barriers.

It is very clear that China has a thriving, though unruly, rare earth metals industry.  The value of this natural resource is not lost on them. They are not content to export tech grade products so that others can squeeze the value added from refinement. They are busy trying to extract that other natural resource- the value of skillful application. 

Pitstops along the bloggenbahn

In the mood for PC board snack? The folks at Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories can provide a component by component guide to constructing a confectionary circuit board.  Heavens, they’re tasty.

Can’t get enough of Leonard Nimoy?  Well, here ya go. Knock yerself out.

Some excellent posts on the mortgage industry and Live Earth can be found on Clusterf**k Nation

I’m convinced that all chemists are pyro’s at heart.  I didn’t say anarchists or criminals, I meant Pyro in the technical sense of the word.   By 10 years into their careers, most synthesis or process chemists have experienced the awesome spectacle of the Mighty Exotherm at least once.  Significantly, 4th of July demonstrations never recreate celebrated lab explosions or hood fires.

A good BLEVE is a real crowd pleaser and a sight to behold. However, professional pyros choose the more cosmetic displays, ignoring the really elegant deflagrating ether ketyl still or the fabulous ozonide conflagration. I guess we chemists will have to keep those delights for our own enjoyment.