Becoming a Major Player: The Chinese Lanthanide Industry

It is interesting to note how certain countries dominate particular parts of the periodic table.  South Africa has a large lock on the Platinum Group Metals (PGM’s) and crystalline carbon (diamonds).  According to the South African Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa has 62 % of the worlds supply of PGM’s.  The ore bodies are located in the Bushveld complex in the northeastern section of the country. 

China finds itself flush with perhaps the largest reserves of rare earths- scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides.  In my travels I see that a good bit of applied research is being done with rare earths in China, some of which is being reported in publications that I only see from a Google search. OK, I don’t have a matrix of data to prove this.  But it appears that SciFinder hasn’t covered Chinese research as well as I thought.  Not too surprising I suppose, given the language and distance barriers.

It is very clear that China has a thriving, though unruly, rare earth metals industry.  The value of this natural resource is not lost on them. They are not content to export tech grade products so that others can squeeze the value added from refinement. They are busy trying to extract that other natural resource- the value of skillful application. 

Patent Training Academy

I suppose most of us have not considered what kind of training patent examiners complete before they are cut loose on our applications.  The USPTO provides a lengthy training period for beginning examiners.  The program seems to be quite substantial both in terms of knowledge of the MPEP and case law. 

For some interesting reading it is worth visiting the blog Patently Academic.  This site operated by “Relativity”, which can only be homage to the architect of the Theory of Relativity and former Swiss patent examiner, Albert Einstein.

Expired Chemical Patents- Corey’s Oxazaborolidine

While tunneling deep through the compacted patent strata, I happened to notice that E. J. Corey’s oxazaborolidine patent appears to be expired.  US Patent 4,943,635 (July 24, 1990) was assigned to the President and Fellows of Harvard College and listed Professor Elias J. Corey as inventor.  This is a patent with 30 claims, of which 3 are independent claims.  All of the claims are for composition of matter. 

The description teaches methods of preparation of a variety of oxazaborolidines, with a special emphasis on the preferred embodiment based on proline.  The use of the catalyst for asymmetric reductions is taught in the description as well. 

Curiously, Corey is the only inventor on the patent. Hmmm.  Knowing that he was well into his career by 1988 when the application was filed, I can only guess that he must have been very busy running multiple reactions, doing flash columns, and burning NMR spectra. \;-)

The next oxazaborolidine patent to expire will be the Merck US 5,039,802 (Aug. 13, 1991) patent.  This is a process patent claiming a method for the preparation of the diarylproline system using aryl Grignard addition to a pyrrolo[1,2-c]oxazole-1,3-dione.

Incidentally, I did witness a famous professor actually doing bench chemistry.  A friend and I were wandering around the chemistry building at her alma mater, (The) Ohio State University, in March of 1993 when we happened past the lab of Mel Newman.

There he was, in his 90’s, intently shaking a 2-liter separatory funnel of some dark hellbroth. He was isolating a polyaromatic hydrocarbon that he made.  Newman graciously stopped to talk about his work. Having freshly graduated from a stereochemistry group and a stereochemistry post-doc, I nearly fainted when I met him. It was like meeting Elvis.  Newman passed away a few weeks later. 

Listening skills of the highly educated

Like everyone else, Th’ Gaussling has been sailing through life, tacking to windward usually, but occasionally a breeze astern will fill my sails and I can unfurl the spinnaker and just enjoy the ride.  You know the sensation, one blunders forward smoothly in life only to run aground on an uncharted sand bar.   <<< end metaphor>>>

I was met with one of those sandbars recently when my spouse pointed out an observation she had made.  She observed that, in conversation, 

the more highly educated a person was, the more likely they were to spend their listening time formulating their next sentence, rather than actually … listening

Jeepers. It is hard to refute that one.  After she made the remark, I knew instantly that it was not just a random comment.  There I was.  Exposed.  Metaphysically naked. 

What I, Th’ Gaussling, find is that as time goes on, I tend to give answers to questions that I wish were asked, rather than those that were actually asked.  It is a poor habit, I’ll admit. But it stems from the notion that the best questions give the best answers.  If someone isn’t going to ask the best questions, then by George, I’ll give answers to the better questions.

Pitstops along the bloggenbahn

In the mood for PC board snack? The folks at Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories can provide a component by component guide to constructing a confectionary circuit board.  Heavens, they’re tasty.

Can’t get enough of Leonard Nimoy?  Well, here ya go. Knock yerself out.

Some excellent posts on the mortgage industry and Live Earth can be found on Clusterf**k Nation

I’m convinced that all chemists are pyro’s at heart.  I didn’t say anarchists or criminals, I meant Pyro in the technical sense of the word.   By 10 years into their careers, most synthesis or process chemists have experienced the awesome spectacle of the Mighty Exotherm at least once.  Significantly, 4th of July demonstrations never recreate celebrated lab explosions or hood fires.

A good BLEVE is a real crowd pleaser and a sight to behold. However, professional pyros choose the more cosmetic displays, ignoring the really elegant deflagrating ether ketyl still or the fabulous ozonide conflagration. I guess we chemists will have to keep those delights for our own enjoyment.

Barefoot in the Park

We saw a production of the Neil Simon play “Barefoot in the Park” at the Victorian Theatre in Denver over the weekend. Somehow I had missed this particular play in the past. The venue is a house in a residential neighborhood in north Denver.  The 75 seat theatre is in the basement.  The proscenium is surprisingly generous in size. The lighting and sound effects were more than sufficient in effect and in fact were skillfully applied. 

It is easy to slip into the notion that Neil Simon plays are easy to pull off.  The dialog and plot seem as familiar and facile as slipping on an old pair of blue jeans.  Every male lead seems to be Jack Lemmon reincarnate and the irrascible neighbor is Walter Matthau. Indeed, the rythms and tenor of Neil Simon plays are remarkably similar. 

But, from the technical execution point of view, the dialog does present some challenges for the actors.  Simon’s humor seems to require a certain kind of a plain-yet-erudite elocution to bring the lines out properly.  And this is why I keep coming back to Jack Lemmon. Lemmon’s style of acting seemed made to order for Simon.  Intensity and a capacity to switch from anger to humor in an instant are necessary skills for a Simon play.

My expectations of how a Simon part should be played is really more of a limitation of my own thinking than pretentious criticism.  It is a sort of reverse type casting and it should in no way be construed as negative commentary on Simons prodigous ability to write plays.

I would give the production a B+ overall. 

Corporate Freeloaders?

Our local area is graced with the presence of a biomedical drug production facility.  The company manufactures important, lifesaving products from which mankind benefits and in doing so, the company makes a handsome profit.  They also have a production facility in a Caribbean Island Territory which also manufactures important products.  I understand that they are a very progressive organization. Friends, family, and colleagues from grad school work at the local plant and at the R&D office in Many Trees, in some coastal state. [Note: the name and location have been cleverly disguised or omitted- Th’ Gaussling]

Meanwhile, there is a constant buzz concerning the possibility of moving the entire mfg operation to this Caribbean paradise where the tax and labor costs are significantly lower.  I have no special inside information  here, I just know that this has been considered.

The situation outline is in no way unique to the particular company I’m thinking of. It is a very common situation.  Company decides to move operations off-shore to continue profit growth of a successful product. Shareholders continue to enjoy good returns on their investment, product pricing is competitive and the company continues to hold on to market share. Everybody’s happy, right?

Back at the corporate HQ, assets are safely nestled in the Unites States of America, under the 24/7 protection of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard.  Corporate human and capital assets (shareholder assets, really) enjoy the benefits of the vast infrastructure of the USA.  Materials and people move safely and efficiently over land and through the skys of the USA.  The FAA assures air safety and orderly movement in the skies.  The DOT assures motor vehicle safety. State and federal monies provide for highways, bridges, and all of the motorway infrastructure to keep the trucks of raw materials and product moving. 

Federal, state, and local governmental agencies provide reservoirs for water and electricity. Plant process water comes from a pipe put in place by the local water district infrastructure.  Sanitary water treatment is provided by the municipality.  The streets are patrolled by city and county police who are charged with crime prevention.

Corporate scientists who invent the technology that the company profits from so handsomely and the executives who guide product to market were educated within the vast academic/research complex that has made the USA the envy of the world.  Graduate student and post-doctoral stipends in science and engineering are largely funded by some government agency or other.

Corporate researchers have access to enormous volumes of public domain technology and knowledge paid for by NSF and NIH grants. Researchers who were educated at public institutions with public subsidies take their talent and generate treasure for the corporations and the shareholders.

Yet, a great many corporate entities are escaping tax liability by moving manufacturing off-shore.  Corporations whose very existance is owed to their fertile, wealthy, and knowledge rich nation have somehow seen fit to evade paying back into the system so as to perpetuate that very system from which they benefit so handsomely.  Instead, others contribute to sustain it.

The advantage of substantial US infrastructure amounts to a kind of subsidy.  The purpose of this subsidy is to stimulate the formation of wealth generating organizations who can then provide jobs and stability for the economy.  Instead, we find that corporations are tapping US knowledge wealth and eventually using it to subsidize foreign economies. 

There are mathematical justifications for this transfer of manufacturing from the local to the foreign.  More profits flow to the shareholders- the big players and those who hold 401(k) plans.  Growth is sustained and a competitive edge is held.  But is it really? Could it be just the result of poor imagination?

Tom “Nuke ’em” Tancredo (R-CO)

Our very own representative TomTancredo (R-CO) has outlined conditions under which he would retaliate against the Muslim shrines of Mecca and Medina. A terrorist nuclear explosion in the US would be grounds for President Tancredo to authorize release of nuclear weapons against these two Holy Sites.

Now, it stands to reason that if a nuclear explosion occurs in the US, the president has to do something. According to Iowapolitics.com, Tancredo said

“If it is up to me, we are going to explain that an attack on this homeland of that nature would be followed by an attack on the holy sites in Mecca and Medina,” the GOP presidential candidate said. “That is the only thing I can think of that might deter somebody from doing what they would otherwise do. If I am wrong fine, tell me, and I would be happy to do something else. But you had better find a deterrent or you will find an attack. There is no other way around it. There have to be negative consequences for the actions they take. That’s the most negative I can think of.”  

To Tancredo’s credit he did come up with an actual idea – on his own – that if we get nuked by terrorists, we should do something.  The problem with his solution of nuking Muslim shrines is that it would be a localized attack on a delocalized problem. Muslim antipathy towards the US is a political viewpoint; it is a philosophy that justifies their indulgence in one of mankinds most sensuous of opiate pleasures. 

That pleasure is the near universal impulse to throw oneself down prostrate and grovel before the deity.  Muslims of a certain bent (not all of them, mind you) have refined the notion of extreme groveling through the use of explosives. They enthusiastically celebrate this peculiar form of reverence with the pious formalism of martyrdom. For millions of young angry men with no viable economic future, it has an irresistable appeal.

Ascetic leaders like bin Laden are not motivated by the physical plane. Bin Laden is very much a charismatic hero figure who has cast off attachment to the material world. This is a kind of archetype. To the satisfaction of his followers, he lives in caves and walks the covetless path. Bin Laden’s goal is an Islamic Caliphate. A nuclear retalliation against any Muslim state, much less a shrine, will polarize many millions to bin Laden’s cause of Muslim hegemony for centuries to come.   

There is some need deep within the human brain to assume an inferior posture before the deity. It cuts across all societies and religions.  It is seems somehow discordant that the diety who set the spin of galaxies and the organization of DNA in motion curiously requires that humans proclaim their regret for those very attributes that make them simply human.  It is a most peculiar and, I think, biological, proclivity.

It seems to me that the optimal response to an Islamic terrorist nuclear attack on the US can only be this- No nuclear response in kind.  We absorb it and we express our regret that this heinous act was perpetrated on us.  It would be our nuclear restraint that would cause the terrorist movement to stand out before the world as the focus of savagery.

Realistically, could a US president actually do this? It seems doubtful.  The pressure on a sitting president to release a nuclear weapon in response to nuclear attack at home would be enormous.  Our restraint and the cessation of one-sided middle eastern policies would do more to undermine bin Laden and his kind than any fancy weapons system or occupation force. It would be the one weapon that they could not counter.  Consider the examples of Christ, Ghandi, and King.

The extinction of Muslim extremism must come from internal collapse. Muslims themselves must conclude that vile and murderous behaviour is unacceptable and that the religious justification for murder is a misread of their covenant with the deity.  

Extremists amplify their effect with chemical energy- they use explosives.  A small number of terrorists become Robin Hood characters and receive encouragement and recruits from their more passive background of countrymen. You can’t destroy this with airpower and mobile infantry. 

A nuclear retalliation by the US would vitrify a few sandy locations, but it would also politically unify Muslims behind the extremist cause, irrespective of the damage done to the US in the first place. We cannot win by nuclear retalliation. We only facilitate further use of nuclear force.  The concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) is not valid in the conflict with suicidal terrorists. MAD is a doctrine that is only valid between nation states with armies and the desire to survive.

All of this is not to say that we wouldn’t be pursuing the perpetrators.  But nuclear demolition of Mecca would be counterproductive. Terrorism is a kind of franchise operation.  How do you nuke the 50 or 5000 scattered, clandestine operatives who did the deed? It’s a bug hunt. The destruction of Mecca would only validate core suspicions about us- that we are metaphysically corrupt and maybe bin Laden was right.

A state can’t successfully wage a military shooting war against an idea promulgated by clandestine operators with little to lose. But police investigation over 20 years in concert with intelligent and fair international policies could render the bin Laden characters obsolete. 

Russia Goes Deep

Our Russian friends have apparently “claimed” the seabed under the north pole by planting their specially crafted Deep Sea Flag.  (Is it still a flag when it is underwater or is it just a stick with a wet cloth on it?)  In the grand tradition of empirialist land grabbing, these folks believe that they have staked a claim to the vast untold, untapped mineral riches of the arctic floor. Of course, the Canucks were not impressed-

Peter Mackay, Canada’s minister of foreign affairs, dismissed the voyage to the Arctic floor as “just a show.”

“Look, this isn’t the 15th century,” he said, according to the Web site of Canadian Television. “You can’t go around the world and just plant flags and say ‘We’re claiming this territory.'” 

According to Douglas Birch at Forbes magazine, the flag was planted in the sea floor 2 1/2 miles below the surface on what is called the Arctic Shelf.  [Th’ Gaussling didn’t realize that a shelf could be that deep. Sounds like an abyssal plain to me, but, hey… I’m not in real estate.]  The basis of the claim, Birch reports, is that the region is a part of the Eurasian continental shelf.  Russia’s public claim seems to be based on a kind of geographic tidiness.  But like all big issues today, it is really about resources.

In December 2001, Moscow claimed that the ridge was an extension of the Eurasian continent, and therefore part of Russia’s continental shelf under international law. The U.N. rejected Moscow’s claim, citing a lack of evidence, but Russia is set to resubmit it in 2009. 

The good news is that there won’t be any aboriginals to cruelly displace.  Seems to me that the Palestinians missed another big opportunity here- their sub must have been in the shop.  I would offer the suggestion that they give Putin an office on site there so he can keep an eye on the place.