Ranium. The only thing missing is U.

On this magical day 50 years ago, Th’ Gaussling was born into the world.  Yes, I am a 9/11 baby and today is L-Day. Remember your Roman numerals?  Once a perfectly respectable though bland day of the year, 9/11 has become the new Pearl Harbor Day. Everybody remembers where the hell they were 9/11/01.  I turned 44 that day. 

To celebrate this day, we decided to do an unusual thing. We went uranium prospecting.  I borrowed a Geiger Counter and we headed up to the mountains near Idaho Springs.  A few weeks back in a chance encounter with a retired hard rock miner, I learned of an old mine that was allegedly dug with the hope of finding uranium. Looking like a thousand other abandoned mines, this mine has been silent for many years. [Sidebar: This fellow didn’t look like Gabby Hayes, though his chums certainly do. Hardrock mining is a tough business.]

Our miner seemed credible. When asked, he did know about pitchblende and other uranium-bearing ore deposits in the area. He said that there used to be a “big operation over that ridge over there” (pointing east). The miner was very cautious about giving too many details. Most people asked him about gold, so his curiosity about me was piqued when I starting drilling into the particulars of uranium.  Mining is a very secretive business. Gold fever is real but other metals will cause this enchantment as well.

So, we pulled along side the narrow dirt road this morning with sample bags and a GM counter.  This model is a survey meter with a thin metal (aluminum) window protecting the GM tube.  So, we could not pick up alpha’s at all and probably very few beta’s- just gamma’s for the most part.  Given the penetrating ability of gamma radiation, with it’s low ionization aptitude, a large fraction of the gamma’s sail through the tube undetected.

At our home along the Front Range of Colorado, the meter will pick up maybe 8-15 counts of background radiation per minute on average. Cosmic rays, solar radiation, and radiation sources from the rock and soil make up the background rate.

Scrambling over the mine tailings, we found sporadic upticks in the count as the detector approached the pile. Overall the detectable radiation was qualitatively 3-5 times the background rate found at home. The counter (which is calibrated) rarely indicated higher than 0.1 MR/hr.  While the mine tunnel was open, I declined to enter, prefering to work on the tailings pile.

While there is clearly radioactive material in the mine tailings, the sum total of the radioactive species seemed quite low.  Of course, I do not know what the situation is with the alpha emitters.  No individual rock was even remotely hot.  The GM tube near the ground was picking up the sum of all the emissions in the area.

It would seem that the miner was partially right about the mine. They might have been digging for uranium, but it would appear that they did not find much of it, given the lack of development and the apparent lack of significant radioactivity in the tailings. 

Tempest Down Under. Bush-Roh Row.

It is funny to read about the minor presidential dust-up between the Bush and Roh. The fracas is now being blamed on poor translation. That could be true.  But how do you focus on a fuzzy picture? The translators art is to precisely translate ambiguous language. There are too many degrees of freedom- it’s like pushing a rope. The presidents walk away as the translator falls on his sword.  I think I’d rather work with hazardous chemicals.

Whereupon Gaussling launches a business unit.

This was a big day for Th’ Gaussling. The new business unit I have been developing sent it’s first in-house chemical product out the door. Okay, it was a modest 25 grams of specialty product. But for the first time the cash has started to flow the other direction. We are reworking our catalog operation for faster and better service while taking advantage of bulk production by another division for better economy. Watch out, Aldrich!  \;-)

Doing chemical synthesis is easy compared to inventing a custom business architecture; especially one that has to be compatible with other systems, yet bringing improvements forward. It is like doing a reaction that requires 12 molecules (dodeca-molecular?) to collide simultaneously- We call it “getting buy-in”.  To start a new business unit in a company, you have to get buy-in from accounting, IT, analytical services, quality control, upper management, shipping and receiving, production, R&D, etc.  Lots of skeptical folks need to be assured that you’re not going to complicate their lives, threaten their careers, or create accounting hazards.

Business architecture amounts to the work flow mechanisms necessary for order fulfillment.  If an order comes in, how do you go about filling it and getting product to the customer while ensuring profitability, regulatory compliance, safety, and a comprehensive web of accounting relationships? Every product has to be a discrete entity that has branched audit trails- costing, analytical, raw material lot #’s, and business intelligence.  Every product must have an up to date MSDS, specifications, certificate of analysis, and a manufacturing procedure that does not require a PhD to make it. Well, that last one is a more nebulous goal.

I now have a more visceral appreciation for all the work that has gone on behind the scenes at the major chemical catalog companies. A lot of work goes into every single product entry. Every product has a trail of raw material specs, finished goods specs, and specific analytical test methods. Record keeping must be up to the task. It takes a lot of different skill sets besides savvy with chemicals to operate a chemical company.

Hooray for Libraries!

Over the past few months I have been trying to accumulate synthetic procedures for simple compounds of several elements. F-block elements whose chemistries are comparatively obscure at best. I have scoured the web with all sorts of search term combinations, looking for content that may be available. Except for links to major publishers wanting to sell me article downloads for $30 to $45 each, that faucet was dry.

SciFinder was surprisingly dry as well.  Journal articles appeared touting some obscure p-chem work or Raman IR study. Interesting work to be sure, but the bibliographies were absent the key words I was looking for. Complicating matters, many of the early SciFinder listings were from Russian or Chinese publications that were in the native language and available through interlibrary photocopying. It was clear that SciFinder would only be of help if I wanted to open up a big vein for a major cash bleed by purchasing articles blindly.

So, I left work early and went to a nearby university library for some swimming in the deeper waters of knowledge. Within 2 hours I found much of the information I was looking for, and through the miracle of browsing, I blundered into a rich vein of information I probably wouldn’t of thought to have asked for.

If you ask for help in a library, you’ll often get the question: “What are you looking for?” It is a fair question. A librarian is there to help patrons find information. But, very often, a seeker of knowledge sets out with a poor idea of exactly what the best questions are. Some are searching for facts while others search for concepts. It is only by culling through a body of knowledge that one can begin to frame questions that make sense. The best questions give the best answers. Perhaps the librarian should ask if the patron actually knows what they want and drill in from there.

The pursuit of knowledge is not like going to the pharmacy and pulling a prepackaged unit off the shelf. The pursuit of knowledge puts you squarely in front of a problem where the actual struggle begins. Learning is about integrating concepts into your consciousness, and that involves struggle.  If you are not willing to struggle with an idea, then you’re not really committed to learn something new.

Too often we go to the library to get answers when instead we should be seeking better questions. I was seeking facts but instead found that my assumptions concerning how certain reactions proceeded was fundamentally in error. I have had to recalibrate my expectations as a result.

Epilog: So, I did my seeking and found some books to check out. At the circulation desk the nice young lady told me that they had no record of me and that I would have to plop down a $75 fee to check books out from the state university library.  Luckily I was able to shut my mouth and walk away to fulminate in private.

Electrons on Mars

A representative of the Mars Society was interviewed on NPR the other day- Founder Dr. Robert Zubrin- in relation to a conference at UCLA. Zubrin was expounding on the exciting future for mankind on the red planet.

It is the usual space exploration cheerleading stuff that must be done to sustain interest. Visit their website and you’ll see that the Mars Society has been sponsoring some simulated Mars missions in order to accumulate experience and credibility to be at the forefront of an actual mission. They even have an impressive list of scientific advisors.

After hearing some of the ambitious plans to colonize and industrialize Mars, it seems clear that the most important resource colonists on Mars will need is a ready supply of electrons.

Exploiting Martian raw materials will be an energy intensive activity. There will be all kinds of electrical devices to power. Don’t forget backup components, tools, and a collection of spare parts. Maybe a whole module should be dedicated to nuts, bolts, screws, toilet plungers, and duct tape. An orange Home Depot supply craft should follow every mission to Mars. 

Since fuels and oxidizers for combustion will be in short supply, there will be no hydrocarbon powered … anything.  There will be no diesel burning Caterpillars to move dirt.  No calcining lime to make concrete. Prospecting for minerals will consume precious energy as will beneficiation of the ore. The refinement of minerals to afford materials of construction will be deeply energy dependent both in terms of building a processing plant and production itself. 

Once metal ore is found, it must be taken from a deposit, concentrated, and eventually reduced to the metallic form. This is the other requirement for electrons on Mars. Eventually, metal ions must be supplied with electrons from some more abundant supply.  Electrorefining may do the deed from an electrode.  The other obvious source is from electropositive metals or from elemental carbon.

Calcium or magnesium are used to reduce a number of other metals already. Coke has been used in iron refining for a long time. But how would a metal refining operation on Mars obtain these electropositive materials? Hauling calcium or coke from earth? Not likely.

Raw materials for metals refining on arid, alien planets will be a real challenge. Electrons for reduction will almost certainly come from electric power generation. Carbonaceous materials will be in too short of a supply.  Hydrogen will have to be won by electrolytic cracking of precious water.  Consumption of this hydrogen will have to be thought through very carefully, given the previous investment in electrical power to prepare it.

To a very large extent, the colonization of Mars will be an electrically powered adventure. Working electrons on Mars will be the most highly prized resource. Mars Base sounds like a nuclear destination to me.

Laser Light Show

While scanning a copy of Nuts & Volts, I happened on an ad by Ramsey Electronics. This ad featured several electronics kits, one of which was the Laser Lght Show, # LLS1.  I ordered a kit and assembled the thing in about 6 hours. 

Basically, an optical path is set up wherein a laser beam reflects off of two variable speed motors with mirrors and a speaker with a mirror to provide a sound modulated Lissajous pattern. Lissajous (Wikipedia) patterns are an exercise in signal mixing.  Off-axis sinusoidal waves can be mixed electronically (see link) or optically as with this kit.  The kit has a jack to feed audio to the speaker. I have not had a chance to feed in audio just yet- need to open up a cheapo radio and do some minor surgery.

It is satisfying to build things now and then. This activity stems from to my basic belief that one can never know too much about electronics. And, it’s fun.

Putting a Blog to Work in Project Management

There is an interesting PPT download from the archives of the 231st ACS national meeting concerning the use of the weblog format in project management. The presentation was by Randy Reichardt, an engineering librarian at the University of Alberta, Edmonton. The university offers what they call uSpace as an in-house blogging venue for its students. uSpace is a university service under Elgg, an open source blogging platform.

The slide show summarizes a project executed by an engineering class.  Communication between participants centered on the use of a blog. The blog was a kind of nexus used to centralize information related to the project as well as provide an archive to capture events and progress in the project.

Slide #8 has some useful advice issued by the professor-

3. Check your personal issues at the door. This means personal problems, prejudices, wierd/offensive senses of humor, tears (in general, men find this very threatening and difficult to deal with), and aggression (in general, women find this very threatening and difficult to deal with).  It is never a good idea to (cry, lose your temper, or backstab) at work. DO bring a sense of fun, a sense of humor, enthusiasm for the project, and commitment to your team members as human beings. Great teams remember to play together as well as working hard together.

4. Figure out what you’re good at – and do it.

Use of a blog as a central repository of information and connectivity is a brilliant idea.   The only snag I can think of is access. For college coursework a medium level of security is satisfactory, but for the exchange of IP and confidential information, storing sensitive information on an off-site data storage system may not be the best option.  Access must be secure from unauthorized outside parties.  Perhaps Elgg offers this capability? [Editors note: a commentor below suggests this is not an issue]

Reichardt mentions other topics of great importance in the PPT show.  Namely, access to database features and the transfer of information via RSS feeds. I’m not fluent in this technology, so I will have to be silent on this matter. 

The beauty of this approach to project management is that meetings can be held on a continuous or ad-hoc basis without having to schedule interruptive and unproductive meetings where much time and energy is spent presenting updates. People tend to be more precise in their comments if they write them down. Writing in a blog format could have the benefit of more cogent and precise input by team members as well as increased accountability to the group.

THF Under EPA Scrutiny

According to the August 27, 2007 issue of C&EN, page 29, the EPA says that the toxicology data on tetrahydrofuran show “suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential”. The cited document can be found at this link.

It’ll be interesting to see what happens as a result of this study.  It is understatement to say that THF is a mighty important solvent. More than a few important processes require this cyclic ether.  Perhaps this is how Methyl THF makes its appearance to a wider audience?  But in doing so it will only attract the attention of toxicologists.

With REACH and the EPA’s reexamination of many substances in current use, there is likely to be an extended shakeup coming for US chemical processors in the next 5-10 years.  What the rest of us have to reconsider is what constitutes acceptable risk. It’s time for that old aphorism- “A ship in harbor is safe. But that is not where ships are meant to be.”

The hardest problems to deal with seem to be the low signal-to-noise ratio phenomena- low level radiation, low level pollution,  trace levels of this or that in the working environment.  Most likely, acceptable THF exposure levels will come way down and the material will stay in use. That’s my guess.

Disconnects Between Chemistry and Space Science

I continue to marvel at how isolated chemistry is from non-chemists.  Not in the physical sense, but as a cultural disconnect.  Case in point: Our local high school principal wants to make the high school a “magnet” school for math, physics, and engineering. What about chemistry? It seems doubtful that he considered chemistry and purposely left it out. More likely, it is not on his radar screen.

In the course of operating the local astronomical observatory, we volunteers have the opportunity to interact with the public and with aerospace people and some local space science organizations.  The Boulder-Denver area has an unusual concentration of astronomy, physics, and aerospace engineering organizations. 

A very large part of space exploration is concerned with building probes, getting them in space, and acquiring the data. Behind every mission is an army of space system specialists, scientists, post-docs, accountants, project managers, and a collection of congressional supporters.  Maintaining a space exploration program requires extensive infrastructure and a healthy flow of cash. 

Despite this massive effort at the exploration of our solar system, what is notably absent is the larger participation of chemists.  Television programming aimed at mass markets rarely gives more that a passing mention to chemical composition of the cosmos. Chemists are never interviewed in this regard, nor are their books on the shelves of bookstores.

How strange. 

Ostensibly, our interest in the universe resolves to a few basic questions:  How big is the universe? How much stuff is out there? What is the stuff doing? And, what is the stuff, anyway?

A large part of the first question- How big is the universe?– must necessarily must come to grips with the distribution of matter in the universe.  The second question- How much stuff is out there?– requires an understanding of cosmic abundances of the elements and how mass funnels into certain buckets in the periodic table. The third question- What is the stuff doing?– requires an understanding of how matter is partitioned between the stars and the spaces between. It also requires that we have an idea of what kind of chemical compositions are out there because that determines how we quantitate the matter. Finally, the last question- What is the stuff, anyway?–  Golly, isn’t that just chemistry?

I do not mean to imply that nothing is being done in regard to chemical questions in space science. Considerable effort is being made to perform chemical analysis on a couple of Mars landers and work has been accomplished therein.  The Tempel 1 impactor experiment performed recently is another good example.

This essay isn’t meant to highlight deficiencies in space science.  Space science people are pretty busy trying to keep the process steaming along.  But I think that chemists as a group have perhaps been less than anxious to address cosmochemical questions. Part of it has to do with the space science establishment. Space science is dominated by government funding and is managed to a large extent by engineers, physicists, and aerospace management. Putting a package into space is largely a physics and aerospace exercise that exploits defense related technology. Propellant people and materials science people are involved, but they do not manage the projects and the cash.

Nobody thinks about strapping chemists to a rocket and sending them into space, though I know few chemists I would like to send into space. Space exploration thus far has been an aerospace adventure and the science packages have been largely physics-oriented. The chemical community has little experience as a whole in participation in space missions. So, the disconnect is an artifact of how space exploration evolved.

My point is that in the education of chemists, there should be a bit more exposure to nuclear and geochemistries.  The present emphasis on life science supports the allied health field very well, but perhaps at the expense of other areas of chemical science.  It all boils down to the funding and training of professors and the consequent development of curriculum. Professors teach what they know. If they do not know cosmochemistry, geochemistry, or nuclear chemistry, it won’t get taught.

[Edited for content 9/2/07]