Author Archives: gaussling

About gaussling

Gaussling is a senior scientist in the chemical business. He occasionally breaks glassware, spreads confusion and has been known to generate new forms of hazardous waste. Gaussling also digs aerospace, geology, and community theatre.

Conspiracy Mongering

My list of friends on Facebook includes several MAGA conspiracy fans. The big issue for many of them presently is Joe Biden and Hunter, the evil son. My observation has been that they use similar language in regard to their allegations about the “Biden Crime Syndicate.” This suggests to me that they are getting their “news” feed from the same types of sources. I’ve noticed that Faux News viewers tend to use vocabulary and ideas that they pick up on that miserable channel or one like it.

Close behind the hatred for Biden is considerable anger about the border and immigration.

My experience with conspiracy-minded folk has been that when you challenge them to cite evidence, they will just rearrange the words and say the same thing, only louder. I remember conversations with such people way back into the 1970’s. In 1975 I ran into a group at the county fair where the John Birch Society had a booth. They were an ultraconservative libertarian group and were, at the time, predicting the impending collapse of the dollar, carping about the demise of the gold standard and the wrong-headedness of liberalism. There was very much a survivalist tenor to the group. Beneath their calm exteriors they were rabidly anti-government and had a stack of doctrines and literature to back it up.

The recent Tea Party quickly gave way to the MAGA movement and was lubricated by the slippery QAnon … thing. Before, internet conspiracy enthusiasts could only recruit followers by phone calls, pamphleteering, talk shows after midnight from low power AM stations and local demonstrations. Day-to-day, the attention of big media is curated by editors and producers who monitor their broadcast news content. Some media organizations like Fox News make no effort to hide their political stripe. Generally, public events like marches or a gathering of a dozen extremists at the state capital were given minimal if any media coverage. Little coverage was given because few seemed to care, advertisers in particular. Media is all about attracting eyeballs.

The popularity of Trump with a great many Americans may be that he appeals to certain features of their inner dark sides. He hates the same people that they do. Distrust of foreigners, the need for retribution and vigorous disapproval of the gradual trend towards broader interpretations of civil rights. There is a notion that someone must pay dearly for their unlucky lot in life or their discomfort. Some fraction of people are by nature bitter and paranoid. Trump and his ilk validate their hatreds and fears.

The politicization of protestant Christianity has certainly fed into the belief that any variation from their supernatural world views are worse than out of line, they’re evil. The staunch belief in their own righteousness renewed weekly by dramatic performances of preachers in Sunday services leads such people to take a world view that they are backed by supernatural forces leading to the inevitable onset of prophesied and apocalyptic events. Many express the view that Trump is in place to bring on the end-times. Catch that? The supernatural realm penetrates space and time from somewhere else through the person of DJT. He’s part of the plan, man.

In the last several decades, the rise of the internet and social media has given fringe-dwellers a powerful platform from which to broadcast their messages all over the world. This has been a step-change in political influence. Far-flung individuals and groups can now collaborate instantaneously with like-minded wierdos. This subsurface activity has changed how world politics is conducted. Whereas before, many people were not privy to political information because of income, location or social circle and thus were not involved. Now communications are limited only by the speed of the internet and anyone with a computer or phone can have a presence. We of the internet are like a nest of baby birds, all with open mouths pointed straight up clamoring for the worm of attention.

The internet step-change in communications is an improvement overall in democracy in the broad sense. More voices in play to contribute to democracy. But what has come along with it is the volume of shrill demagoguery and hysteria as well as new forms of criminal enterprise. We’re watching the effects of extremists frightening wide swaths of the public with exaggerated or fabricated troubles. Pre-internet this was done with organized rallies- a well-established technique of fascist dictators both as they rose to power and as they maintained power. Such rallies are popular today as well. Look at all of the rallies Trump held before, during and after his presidency. While he was anxiously lapping up the love and adoration from his crowds, he was also keeping the Trump enthusiasm in play. Trump may truly be an awful human being, but he is quite good at working a crowd anxious for his kind of message.

EIA Releases New Btu to kWh Energy Conversion Factor

The US Energy Information Agency, EIA, has just released a new energy conversion relationship for the British thermal unit (Btu) and the kilowatt-hour (kWh). It is 3412 Btu/kWh.

EIA Monthly Energy Review

I post this kind of petroleum-related information with the hope that more people will pay attention to large-scale energy in general and oil & gas in particular. It is fashionable to pooh-pooh the petroleum sector for several reasons but, like it or not, it is one of the pillars of civilization. If we are going to be steering it in some particular direction, we should know a bit more about it.

There is a great deal of fascinating technology in oil & gas extraction and refining. The funny thing is that when you learn more about a subject, the more level your viewpoint on it will become, to the plus or minus side.

ExxonMobil Evolving with Declining Gasoline and Diesel Demand

An article by Kevin Crowley, Bloomberg News, 9/23/23, reports that ExxonMobil Corp. has already begun to adapt to the decline in demand for gasoline and diesel as the switch to electric vehicles and renewable energy progresses. ExxonMobil operates the largest oil refining network in the world with 13 refineries presently in operation. It sold 5 refineries in the last 4 years in order to focus on cost cutting and improvements in performance of the highest performing facilities. ExxonMobil’s interest in refining dates back to the early days of its progenitor, Standard Oil Company, founded by John D. Rockefeller.

The oil majors are not blind and deaf to the swing towards the replacement of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. In the case of ExxonMobil, they are planning on switching to production of petrochemical feedstocks in their refineries. They expect that their high-performance chemicals will see 7 % growth per year. Exxon believes the key to its success will be in chemical products. These chemicals are used in manufacturing of industrial and consumer products, from lubricants to pharmaceutical raw materials. Many of the ingredients you see in consumer products have their beginning as crude oil flowing out of the ground somewhere.

The Runner Stumbles

Colorado’s very own congressperson, the twice elected Rep. (R) Lauren Boebert of the 3rd Congressional District, was caught misbehaving during a theater presentation of Beetlejuice at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts the other day. Besides vaping and some very mild hooliganism, she was caught on surveillance video making out with her date. Like many others who have attended Beetlejuice, they couldn’t resist the urgent pull of their tingly bits. You may recall that Pee Wee Herman had a similar problem as well.

Let me emphasize that there is nothing wrong with making out, mind you. I know many who claim to have done this. After all, this was the true purpose of the drive-in movie theater in years past. Heaven only knows how many solid citizens walking around today were conceived at a drive-in. I think that the move away from bench seating in the automobile had a negative effect in this. But I digress.

Colorado’s 3rd District covers quite a bit of turf as you can see. Most of it is desiccated and somewhat vertical so the overall population density is low, thus the large size. A lot like Wyoming. There is a bit of agriculture but no real corn and soybean acreage like a proper farm state.

Colorado’s 3rd Congressional District. Source: Wikipedia.

As with other western states, Colorado has a mix of folks of polar opposite politics who find themselves concentrated in separate zones. Running down the middle of the state is the majority of the population stretching from Ft. Collins to Colorado Springs. Nobody can decide if Pueblo is part of this corridor despite being on I-25. This is the urban corridor along interstate highway I-25 and west to the start of the Rocky Mountains. This band of settlement has for the last few election cycles voted majority Democrat and has driven state politics in the legislature and the governor’s office. Oh, and the House of Representatives and the Senate too. This includes the I-70 corridor running west halfway to Utah. There are scattered islands of liberalism like Durango smack in the middle of Boebert country. I feel for them- really, I do.

Some have tried to explain away Boebert’s behavior as being not uncommon for a refugee from that Fertile Crescent of sweaty redneck-ism, Florida. She is after all a pistol packin’ grandma at age 36 and close to being properly “deevorced.” Regardless of her background, she has lifted herself from the obscurity of the swamps to become a full-throated Centurion of MAGAstan. It is a real accomplishment.

America is now a place where audio and video tapes of titillating content starring national politicians will not lead to their downfall. Instead, they get an uptick in their popularity by rabid apologists who will make urgent whataboutism style counter-claims about Hunter’s laptop. MAGA folk cheer their politicians like people do at a professional wrestling match- with vigor and encouragement of more violence.

East of the I-25 corridor you soon encounter another conservative swatch of the state, border-to-border between two state panhandles- Nebraska and Oklahoma. This area has much more pivot irrigated farmland than in the western side of the state. Corn, wheat, and sugar beets are popular crops east of the interstate. Through what I suspect were underhanded dealings in the past, Oklahoma is said to have been paid to be a buffer between Colorado and Texas. Many will say that this was a smart move. (Relax- it’s a joke)

In Colorado we have two bookend corridor cities that are well known for their politics. Boulder, northwest of Denver, is to Colorado what San Francisco is to California, but without Silicon Valley or a suspension bridge. It is liberal progressive and a bit on the exotic side. The Hippie movement arrived in the 60’s and never faded away completely. In the 70’s and 80’s you could see ex-hippies with thinning gray ponytails tooling around town in their Beamers. No one bats an eye when weird news sprays out of there. It’s expected. Every state should have a Boulder. Look at Texas of all places- they have Austin.

Colorado Springs, on the other hand, is deeply entangled with far-right conservative Christian evangelicals. Add to this mix a large population of very conservative retired military and you have something very special. The city plays host to Fort Carson and the North American Air Defense Command, NORAD, deep within Cheyenne Mountain southwest of town. You can bet that the Russian and Chinese strategic commands have the exact coordinates of this facility. The US Air Force Academy resides in the forest north of town with its unique chapel jutting proudly above the landscape.

Located at the base of Pikes Peak, “The Springs” enjoys considerable scenic splendor and a conservative upper middle-class tenor. None of my liberal friends contemplate moving there no matter how splendiferous the place may be. It’s a cryin’ shame. This is the city where the wedding cake bakery went to the Supreme Court to protect their right to decline to make a wedding cake for a gay couple. They won. If I were a bakery owner who didn’t want to do business with someone, I would have given an outrageous price or a 12-month lead time or both with payment up front. There are easy yet subtle ways to poison an awkward business deal.

It will be interesting to see if Lauren gets reelected in 2024 given her antics. I have a nauseating feeling that she will be reelected given the demographics of her district. It’s one of those “she may be an idiot, but she’s OUR idiot” things that MAGAstan people can relate to. We’ll see.

Back into Bed with What’s-His-Name

The news cycle is presently focused on the meeting of Putin with a certain dictator of an impoverished nuclear state. Evidently, they agreed to hold hands against western imperialism and hegemony. That agreement just drips with irony about fighting imperialism. But it’s in the nature of dictators to claim to protect the state against the very thing they bring to their nations.

Having to stoop to sourcing arms and making nice with the waddling leader of the land of missiles and starvation must nauseate Putin in his reflective moments. But for now, he is tarting up the relationship as “statesmanship” with a former client state. Ok, maybe he’ll have to share secret rocket science technology and lessons in orbital mechanics with the tin-pot dictator of Asian Lilliput. Has to be done, I s’pose.

Over time, many of Russia’s institutions have been hollowed out to a husk by corruption and theft. Was this a symptom or a feature of Tsar Putin’s leadership? Maybe that is how you retain power- allow people to pilfer but rack-up debt to the leader.

At minimum, an influx of arms from what’s-his-name can only mean prolonging the Putin-Ukraine war. Putin’s people will do battle with garden tools if he so desires it. Ole Pootie-poot is just followin’ in the footsteps of Uncle Joe.

Most popular post

It’s very interesting. The post with the most hits on this blog is for one I wrote May 15, 2008, titled Neutron Lethargy: This Weeks Obscure Dimensionless Quantity. It receives hits nearly every day. Is it revealing atomic secrets? No, it does not. Here is part of it-

Now mind you, this does not necessarily mean it was a glistening contribution to the nuclear zeitgeist of 2008. It’s more like the title attracted clicks. Excellence and clicks don’t overlap much. It shows that my intuition on what a popular post looks like is completely off.

What Does “Greatness” Really Mean?

I am going to bring up some observations that may be uncomfortable to many of my fellow citizens of the US. It has to do with the idea of “Greatness” that is frequently bandied about.

Definition: Bandied about

Phrasal verb; to mention something often, without considering it carefully. Source: Cambridge Dictionary.

Commonly, the word “greatness” is carefully chosen to swell the patriotic pride of American citizens. Swinging around the idea of greatness in public is often used as a rhetorical device to align people to a particular point of view. We are raised to see ourselves as the good guys. The use of “greatness” is a favorite buzzword of far-right conservatives to rub people’s noses into.

The conglomeration of US ultranationalist groups- a different name for homegrown fascism- along with Christian dominion ideology has produced a vocal a far-right political group who, on one hand demand libertarian-type free market dominance in lieu of government, while on the other sees protestant Christian reconstructionism providing guidance for a leading role in national and world affairs. The motivation is two-fold: first is to bring humanity under close Biblical law and the second is to prepare for the prophesied apocalypse and second coming of Christ. Many believed that Trump was to have a role in this. Imagine, the guy who invented DNA and set the galaxies spinning picking a bloviating wealthy-narcissistic-real estate developer-shyster-philanderer from Manhattan. Seriously? Something is wrong with this picture. For a preview of Biblical law, have a look at the bronze-age Book of Deuteronomy. Interesting as ancient history but, as a foundation for modern legal procedure, we can do a lot better going forward.

At the present time it is in vogue for the far right to parade around signaling their disapproval of US support of Ukraine in their battle against Russian invaders. Their grasp of history and judgement is sadly lacking.

  • Some Republicans have stated that the funds and war materiel sent to Ukraine could be better used at home.
  • Who believes that the Republican leadership would actually direct these savings to issues at home? Directing these funds internally for aid would be dismissed as “socialism” and ignored. Some insist that money that can be spent on Ukraine’s defense can also be cut altogether.

The US has seen much cultural achievement since our inception but sadly we have not been a universal force for good. Like everyone else, we have strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes we’ve been on the wrong side of history. Our treatment of native Americans from the very beginning was simply criminal. As if that wasn’t enough, an estimated 620,000 people died in a bloody civil war to shut down slavery, then we failed miserably at promised reconstruction. Women have long been denied equality and have received it only grudgingly. African Americans had long labored under the Jim Crow laws until only recently. Our government has meddled in the affairs of many nations in the Americas and elsewhere, with some of it blowing up in our faces (e.g., Cuba and Iran). We invaded Iraq in Gulf War II resulting in the violent death of hundreds of thousands of Iraqi citizens based on deception from the Bush administration.

On the other side, we’ve pushed medical advances like drug development and vaccination, brought food to the starving and saved millions of lives around the world. America has been generous with its growing base of scientific knowledge by publishing results obtainable from open sources. The American University-Industrial-Governmental research complex has produced wonders especially from WWII to this very day in everything from aerospace, electronics, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. The explosive growth of knowledge and technology in the 20th century is unparalleled in human history and the US has had a big part in that.

However, as comfortable as it may be, the theory of American exceptionalism has a few holes in it. Our practical capitalistic economics has some blind spots. Innovation usually moves forward only if a development has the possibility of creating profit and only if a small group of money people can be convinced of it. So, you say, this is just good sense. Why is that a blind spot?

Basic research is a hard sell to businesses. Stockholders must be convinced of a rapid payoff from the investment in discovery. It has been said that necessity is the mother of invention. This proverb traces back to Plato. If a business is plugging along making a satisfactory profit at maximum output, what is the motivation to rock the boat for a possible improvement? The answer is the prospect of even more profit via some improvement. But, what if that improvement would require something entirely new outside the capability of current technology and in-house resources? There is necessity but invention is out of reach.

While American industry has produced a tremendous range of innovations with in-house resources, it has done so greatly aided by the contributions of our university and government institutions. Universities provide industry with an educated R&D workforce, largely as a result of the application of government funding. Indeed, my graduate and postdoctoral work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. I have been applying my business, chemistry and synthetic skills to the operation of private business for decades. And so does everyone else in industrial chemical R&D.

Here is the thing. The government funds the research universities which produces R&D results and an educated workforce. Most of the published academic R&D is of a fundamental nature and in the public domain. Chemical companies make good use of this information as a basis for their own R&D for product development. Sometimes the process Development part is begun quicker because the Research groundwork is mostly done by academia. With this, business gets invention quicker and cheaper with less risk because someone else initiated the necessity (the investigator/professor) and government funding paid for it. This represents industry getting a refund on some of their taxes.

In the military aerospace business, the US military provides the necessity by offering contracts for equipment under stringent specifications. Meeting the specs usually requires that materials and processes be developed to meet them. This is an example of the government providing necessity so industry will provide the invention.

  • A favorite notion in the US that persists is the “Greatness” of what has been a long period of leading financial and military power since WWII. Obviously, we in the US have a potent military and economy. The federal government plays a big role in these areas by supporting industrial and military readiness.
  • The US was not the first to put a satellite or man in orbit or land a craft on the moon. It was Russia. The US entered into the “space race” to primarily to match the threat of USSR’s space program. The USSR and communism were perceived as an existential threat to the US. Advances in rocketry could carry people, satellites or nuclear payloads. Did we win the race to the moon just because the USSR failed midway?
  • The US reacted vigorously to Albert Einstein’s warning of the possibility of a Nazi nuclear weapon. The Nazi secret program was under the guidance of Professor Werner Heisenberg. Rattled, the US put together a massive effort to beat the Nazis to the nuclear punch. Later, it was found that they were unable to produce a working nuclear reactor or weapon.
  • After the fall of Nazi Germany, the US scooped up a few of their best scientific minds, certainly more than the Russians did. The US benefitted greatly in rocketry and aerospace as well as engineering and physics.
  • The 1930’s was a decade of much advancement in the area of turbojet engines everywhere in the world but the US. We were late comers into turbojet engines. But post WWII we seized on the idea and did well.

US politics has been soured by a few extraordinarily awful people. I’m thinking of #45 in particular but many like-minded citizens have glommed on to his flying circus of bad ideas. Many people conflated business success with aptitude for governance. What they failed to consider was that a business is a type of dictatorship. It is not a democracy. It is run strictly from the top down. There is no bill of rights in business or first amendment. Trying to directly apply business experience to being chief executive of a democratic nuclear state is a fool’s errand. But, people still hold out hope for him.

  • Trump sailed into office in 2016 partly on his credentials as a “successful” businessman and television personality. For many voters, he was “famous for being famous.” Voters made the extrapolation that if he is a billionaire property developer in New York City then he was “obviously” qualified to be a president.

The allies won the Second World War for many reasons. What made the US stand out in that effort was the fact that North America was geographically isolated and was harder to bomb or invade at that time. The wealth of natural resources and industrial capacity in the US certainly enabled our ability to carry the war to the enemies. The notion of some kind of intrinsic moral superiority held by some is just a fantasy. The US had talented leadership and a workforce willing and able to stand up and be counted. This was not a uniquely American quality. Most nations can and will do this if resources and their leadership will allow it. Being rich in lumber, petroleum, steel and uranium gave the US a distinct advantage.

The US is an amazing country among other amazing countries, but there is much yet to do. My goal is to help sustain basic liberal democratic ideals and one of the pillars is simple kindness. Let’s back off on the self-congratulation and cultish adulation of a despicable billionaire and focus on the basics of operating a democratic republic under the rule of law and with equal protection for all of its citizens.

Standard Taper Joints- A New Beginning

Poltroon University, Guapo, Arizona, 7 September, 2023. The Starkrakken Institute and the Poltroon University Semi-Analytical Chemistry department will partner with the National Institute of Standards headquartered in Gaither Brothers, MD, to develop new and improved specifications for the standard taper joint used in chemical laboratories. After months of meetings on the need for a disruptive change in the field, a special committee has been formed from sales managers from across the international glassware industry as well as two emeritus adjunct professors from Poltroon. MBAs from across the industry applaud this disruptive change.

This change comes at a time when the geometry of chemical glassware is evolving. The once standard circular cross-section of glassware is gradually being replaced by those with an elliptical cross section. This disruptive change started in pharmaceuticals and is gradually descending into academia.

The new Elliptical Ground Glass Joint (patent pending).

Joint clips will need updating as well. Representatives from the Joint-Clip Injection Molders Alliance Group will convene a special subcommittee on this matter. Joint clip injection molders from across the globe will be invited to provide input. The prestigious Joint-Clip Injection Moulder’s Guild of the Faroe Islands will preside over this effort.

“University chemistry departments will complain vigorously,” said committee chairperson Deborah Ann Harry, Sales Director at Kimble-Brontes, “but they’re always bitchin’. They’ll get over it, they always do.”

There is one issue to contend with, Harry said, and “that is the inability to rotate joints with an elliptical cross-section joint.” Harry noted that this was an opportunity to offer rotating adapters as an up-sell. “We’re selling steak, not sizzle,” Harry added.

On the Cusp of a Fateful Choice

Forward: This essay is directed to my fellow US citizens. The US and its allies are what stand between liberal democracy and rising global authoritarianism. Authoritarian states have proven to be quite resistant to rising democracy. We cannot let it get started without pushback. Just so we are on the same page, here is a description from Wikipedia-

The United States is on the cusp of making a fateful choice based on the results of the 2024 national election. While there are numerous issues simmering, I refer to the growing movement among conservatives to back off on military support for Ukraine. This group believes that we’ve spent far too much money on military aid for Ukraine’s defense and that these resources should be directed towards the homeland. The fact is that the US and other NATO countries have indeed sent a very large quantity of armaments and cash to Ukraine since the Russian invasion began.

What might the consequences be if the US and others simply backed away and let the two countries duke it out? In other words, we practice some old fashion isolationism. Here are some thoughts-

  • Putin is a murderous dictator with designs on (re)establishing a more widespread Russian empire. He wants to extinguish what is now Ukraine and meld it into a greater Russia. He believes that Russia is destined become a “great” power again. Suh a dream is not unexpected by a leader, but he began his expansion in 2014 with his quiet annexation of southern Ukraine.
  • Unfortunately, Ukraine is not where it stops. The eastern European and Baltic states are well aware of this threat and the history behind it.
  • The question of Putin’s mental state is of great interest to intelligence communities and to heads of state. Barbara S. Held, clinical psychologist and emeritus psychology professor at Bowdoin College, suggests that on the “sad/mad/bad” scale, Putin shows no signs of being sad or mad. What remains is the matter of bad. Coming away from the Held article, one is left with the sense that Putin’s “problem” isn’t legal insanity or a clinical disorder, but rather he is just a really bad person who makes what he thinks are rational choices and occasionally makes misjudgments.
Barbara S. Held, New York Daily News, March 16, 2022.
  • Crucially for Putin’s Kremlin, the state has such pervasive control that citizens are existentially afraid to defy the government. Putin is surrounded by many, many layers of loyalists. Putin’s Kremlin is a black box. Who knows what could happen in a power contest? It’s been said that in Russia, the rule of thumb is that if the people stay out of politics, the government will stay out of their lives.
  • Putin’s Kremlin believes that the mere existence of a successful liberal democracy like the US is an continuous threat to authoritarianism in general and to Putin’s Russia in particular. The Kremlin propaganda organs strenuously broadcast the weak and clumsy machinations in the US on a daily basis. This is very similar to the standard operating procedures of the former Soviet Union.
  • The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) believes very much the same thing. Liberal democracy in the world, with the US in particular, is an existential threat to Chinese leadership. The CCP can’t very well allow the public to seek greater freedom of speech lest citizens begin to question CCP authority.
  • An isolationist US is a country that has ceded its global influence to those who mean us harm. As US influence in the world diminishes, China and Russia will gradually move in to take up any slack.

A decision by the US to back-off its aid to Ukraine will create a power vacuum that will be instantly filled by the Putin regime. It will validate the assertions by the Russian and Chinese propaganda organs that the US is morally corrupt and weak and that its hegemony is finally over.

Why is Russia so aggressive? Look the long and complex history of the region and decide for yourself. A place to start might be with the Holodomor.

A Ride in a Vintage Ford Tri-Motor

Recently I had the occasion to take a ride in a vintage Fort Tri-Motor aircraft operated by the Experimental Aircraft Association, EAA. Among many other things they take it upon themselves to maintain and circulate certain aircraft around the country for display and to offer rides. The whole enterprise is about promoting civilian aviation and encouraging youth to pursue a career in aviation. The best way to generate enthusiasm is to give rides. This visit was sponsored by the local chapter of the EAA.

This transport aircraft is a 3-engine, high wing tail dragger. The skin is made of a corrugated aluminum alloy covering an all-metal frame. The Tri-Motor has all metal control surfaces which was unusual for the time. The corrugation serves as a stiffener but does increase the drag a bit. From 1925 to mid-1933, the Ford Company produced 199 copies. Ford stopped production in favor of more profitable opportunities. The EAA Tri-Motor is a 1929 Ford 4-AT-E with serial number 69. According to Wikipedia, there are currently 8 Tri-Motors with Airworthiness Certificates. and another 5 under restoration.

The Tri-Motor view of northern Colorado from 1000 feet.
The Trimotor’s starboard radial engine with instrument cluster.

The two outboard radial engines each had engine instruments located just above the cowling for “easy” viewing. Evidently this was a concession to practicality and avoided the problem of routing cables and tubes to the cockpit. In those days, avionics were just a twinkle in the designer’s eyes and were largely mechanical in nature with cables and tubes with fluid.

View of the cabin from the last row of seats.

The Tri-Motor gives the visual first impression of being sort of a brick sh** house with fins- sturdy, stable and slow. But, looks hardly matter and we had a great ride from start to finish. It was a calm morning with no convection activity and stable air. Winds were calm and the temperature was ~70 oF. A searing, hot summer day at 5000 ft ground elevation is not the best thing for slow, lumbering aircraft. The density altitude can climb to the equivalent of 9000 feet affording a low rate of climb. There were a few dark scud clouds loitering below the 2000 ft ceiling.

We circled the nearby city and came back on a long final approach. The view from the airplane is quite nice, much like flying in a fish tank. The pilot greased a two-point landing. It’s not a high-performance bird by today’s standards with it’s 93 knot cruise but it could carry 11 paying passengers beginning in the mid 1920’s.

The Tri-Motor was designed to be a reliable transport for passengers and cargo but falls short in the “need for speed” department. One barrier to higher performance in the 20’s and 30’s was a reliance on low compression ratio engines. I say “reliance” because the fuels available then were prone to knocking or pre-detonation if the compression ratio got too high. Knocking or detonation before a piston finishes its compression travel up the cylinder (pre-detonation) could harm an engine and certainly robbed it of power. Aircraft engines are run at constant high rpm compared to automobiles because they have no transmission. As a car accelerates to cruising speed, the gearing is adjusted to maintain optimum rpms on the power band. This allows lower rpm as cruise speed is approached. Aircraft are notable for their lack of a gearshift handle.

The 1920’s were a period of transition in which higher octane fuels were being developed so high engine compression ratios and higher power could be achieved. Tetraethyllead was commercialized in 1924, but was found to be quite toxic to workers in its manufacture.

Early on the development timeline of gasoline engine, it was found that gasoline engines had limitations in power output. One path to higher power output was to increase the compression ratio in the cylinders. Greater piston travel meant more power produced per cycle. Unfortunately, this eventually led to undesired knocking. Incidentally, ignition by compression is how a diesel engine works.

>>> Here is how I wedge chemistry into a post about an airplane. <<<

An interesting article on the history of antiknock additives can be found here and a much better one here. The production of bulk 100 octane aviation fuel was a key factor in the British establishing air superiority over the Luftwaffe in WWII. Across the Atlantic it was none other than Jimmy Doolittle who convinced the US military to convert to higher octane avgas (Incidentally, Doolittle had a Masters and PhD in aeronautics from MIT). In the mid-1920’s Doolittle was pushing seaplanes for the Navy to their limit in speed. He achieved numerous speed records and won many prizes for this. Doolittle would later win acclaim for leading a successful April 18, 1942 bombing raid of Tokyo from an aircraft carrier. Doolittle had a remarkable career and his contributions to many aspects of American aerospace were invaluable.

There were two aspects to manufacturing higher octane fuel at a profit- blending and the manufacture of tetraethyllead. Blending was just a normal refinery operation. Production of tetraethyllead was chemical synthesis to produce an organometallic substance that had to be optimized and scaled up.

Tetraethyllead is synthesized by reacting a sodium-lead alloy with chloroethane- a mixture pretty close to Earth, Air, Fire and Water. The reaction produces tetraethyllead, sodium chloride and unreacted metallic lead. Isolation of product from the reaction mixture is achieved by steam distillation. That tetraethyllead (i.e., something with metal-carbon bonds) is stable in the presence of steam is, in my mind, remarkable. Tetraethyllead is a neutral, hydrophobic substance that is soluble in the hydrocarbon fuel.

Numerous organometallic antiknock additives were found such as the piano-stool complex Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), Ferrocene (the first metallocene), Tetraethyllead, and Iron Pentacarbonyl (Yikes!).

Side note: A serious MMT manufacturing explosion happened in Jacksonville, Florida in Dec. 2007. The blast killed 4 people and injured 14. It was estimated to have been equivalent to 640 kg TNT. Loss of cooling led to a runaway of the batch reaction.

>>> Back to regular programming <<<

Performance specifications straight from Wikipedia.

Original Specifications

  • Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot, flight attendant)
  • Capacity: 11 passengers
  • Length: 49 ft 10 in (15.19 m)
  • Wingspan: 74 ft 0 in (22.56 m)
  • Height: 11 ft 9 in (3.58 m)
  • Cabin length: 16 ft 3 in (5 m)
  • Cabin width (average): 4 ft 6 in (1 m)
  • Cabin height (average): 6 ft 0 in (2 m)
  • Cabin volume: 461 cu ft (13 m3)
  • Empty weight: 6,500 lb (2,948 kg)
  • Gross weight: 10,130 lb (4,595 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 231 US gal (192 imp gal; 874 L)
  • Oil capacity: 24 US gal (20 imp gal; 91 L)
  • Powerplant: 3 Ă— Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 300 hp (220 kW) each for take-off
  • Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 132 mph (212 km/h, 115 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 107 mph (172 km/h, 93 kn) at 1,700 rpm
  • Stall speed: 57 mph (92 km/h, 50 kn)
  • Range: 570 mi (920 km, 500 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 16,500 ft (5,000 m)
  • Absolute ceiling: 18,600 ft (5,669 m)
  • Absolute ceiling on 1 engine: 7,100 ft (2,164 m)
  • Rate of climb: 920 ft/min (4.7 m/s)
  • Time to altitude: 7,200 ft (2,195 m) in 10 minutes